PAUVRETE - POVERTY
.
Approches de la pauvreté en Ile-de-France,
Insee Ile-de-France,
Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Dossier thématique, janvier, (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France
.
Concentrated poverty : Dynamics of change, G. T.
Kingsley and K. L. S. Pettit,
The Urban Institute, Washington, Neighborhood change
in urban America, n° 5, August, 16 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area :
Etats-Unis / United States
.
La croissance pro-pauvres au Mali, I.
Günther, M-A. Marouani et M. Raffinot,
Agence
française de Développement, Paris, Notes et documents, n° 32, 144 p.,
(2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Mali
.
The dynamics and persistence of poverty : evidence from
Italy,
F. Devicienti and V. Gualtieri,
Laboratorio R. Revelli, Moncalieri, Working
paper, n° 63, August, 47 p., (2007).
Résumé – Summary :
This article studies the dynamics and persistence of poverty in Italy
during the nineties, using the ECHP, 1994-2001. Various definitions of poverty
are analyzed in parallel, income poverty, subjective poverty and a
multidimensional index of life-style deprivation. For each poverty definition,
the hazard rates of leaving poverty and re-entering into it are estimated and
combined to compute a measure of poverty persistence that takes account of
individuals’ repeated spells in poverty. The estimates provide a picture of high
poverty turnover for the majority of the Italian population, which is true for
any of the alternative definitions of poverty considered. Thus movements in and
out of poverty cannot be simply related to spurious transitions due to
measurement errors in household income. Multivariate exit and re-entry rate
regressions are then estimated jointly to allow for correlated unobserved
heterogeneity. The results highlight the role of demographic characteristics,
the insufficiencies of the existing social security system and, above all, the
weaknesses of the Italian labor market in generating persistent poverty for
certain subgroups of the population.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Italie / Italy
.
Income, poverty and health insurance coverage in the
United States : 2006, C. DeNavas, B. D. Proctor and J. Smith,
Census
Bureau, Washington, August, 78 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area :
Etats-Unis / United States
.
Welfare reforms and child well-being in the US and UK,
J. Waldfogel,
Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, London,
CASE/126, July, 31 p., (2007).
Résumé – Summary : This paper examines the effects
of recent welfare reforms in the US and UK on the well-being of children in
low-income families, looking specifically at the effects on poverty, family
expenditures, and child health and development. The paper finds some
commonalities but also some notable differences. Common to both countries is a
sizable reduction in child poverty, although the reduction in child poverty in
the US has been less, and some families appear to have been left behind.
Expenditure data also point to divergence across the two countries. In the UK,
low-income families affected by the reforms are spending more money on items
related to children and are more likely to own a car and a phone, while in the
US, families affected by welfare reforms are primarily spending more money on
items related to employment but not items for children. Finally, a common
finding across countries is a relative dearth of more direct evidence on the
well-being of children, and specifically how the reforms have affected child
health and development. Identifying such effects remains an important topic for
further research.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume-Uni, Etats-Unis /
United Kingdom, United States
EMPLOI - EMPLOYMENT
.
Chômage : débattre de la mesure,
M. Lemoine,
OFCE, Paris, Lettre de l'OFCE, n° 286, juin, 4
p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France
.
The effects of in-work benefit reform in Britain on couples : Theory and
evidence, M. Francesconi, H. Rainer and W.
van der Kauaw,
Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, IZA discussion
paper, n° 2280, August, 75 p., (2007).
Résumé – Summary : This paper examines the effects
of the Working Families’ Tax Credit (WFTC) on couples in Britain. We develop a
simple model of household decisions which explicitly accounts for the role
played by the tax and benefit system. Its main implications are then tested
using panel data from the British Household Panel Survey collected between 1991
and 2002. Overall, the financial incentives of the reform had negligible effects
on a wide range of married mothers’ decisions, such as eligible (working at
least 16 hours per week) and full-time employment (working at least 30 hours per
week), employment transitions, childcare use, and divorce rates. Women’s
responses, however, were highly heterogeneous, depending on their partners’
labour supply and earnings. Mothers married to low-income men showed larger
responses in employment, especially if they had younger children. They were more
likely to remain in the labour force and had higher rates at which they entered
it. While more likely to receive the tax credit, they also experienced a greater
risk of divorce. We find virtually no effect for women with higher-income
husbands. Likewise, there are no statistically significant responses among
married men.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom
.
L’insertion par l’activité économique en 2005,
M. Avenel et J. Pujol,
Dares, Paris, Premières informations, n° 32.2,
août, 10 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France
.
Le maintien dans l'emploi : faire face aux nouveaux défis,
A. Jabès et alii,
AGEFIPH, Bagneux, Tendances, n° 10, juin, 2 p.,
(2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France
.
Rapport fait au nom de la commission des finances, du contrôle budgétaire et des
comptes économiques de la nation sur le projet de loi, adopté par l’Assemblée
nationale, après déclaration d’urgence, en faveur du travail, de l’emploi et du
pouvoir d’achat,
P. Marini, Sénat,
Paris, Rapport, n° 404, 358 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France
REVENU - INCOME
.
Assessing the importance of male and female part-time work for the gender
earnings gap in Britain, K. Mumford and P.
N. Smith,
Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, IZA discussion
paper, n° 2281, August, 49 p., (2007).
Résumé – Summary : This study examines the role of
individual characteristics, occupation, industry, region, and workplace
characteristics in accounting for differences in hourly earnings between men and
women in full and part-time jobs in Britain. A four-way gender-working time
split (male full-timers, male part-timers, female full-timers and female
part-timers) is considered, and allowance is explicitly made for the possibility
of both workplace and occupational segregation across each group. Individual and
workplace characteristics are shown to explain much of the earnings gaps
examined. Within gender groups, the striking difference between full and
part-time employees is that full-timers work in higher paying occupations than
do part-timers. Also, occupational segregation makes a significant contribution
to the earnings gap between male and female part-time employees but not for
full-time workers. A further new result is that female workplace segregation
contributes significantly to the full/part time earnings gap of both males and
females. Part-time employees work in more feminised workplaces and their
earnings are lower. By contrast, occupational segregation has little impact on
the full-time/part-time earnings gap of either males or females. There remains,
moreover, a substantial residual gender effect between male and female
employees.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom
.
The evolution of inequality in productivity and wages : Panel data evidence,
G. Faggio, K. G. Salvanes and J. Van Reenen,
Centre for Economic Performance, London, CEP
discussion paper, n° 0821, August, 66 p., (2007).
Résumé – Summary : This paper presents new
empirical evidence on the cyclical behavior of US unemployment that poses a
challenge to standard search and matching models. The correlation between
cyclical unemployment and the cyclical component of labor productivity switched
sign at the beginning of the Great Moderation in the mid 80s: from negative it
became positive, while standard search models imply a negative correlation. I
argue that the inconsistency arises because search models do not allow output to
be demand determined in the short run. I present a search model with nominal
rigidities that can rationalize the empirical findings, and I document two new
facts about the Great Moderation that can account for the large and swift
increase in the unemployment-productivity correlation in the mid-80s
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom
AUTRES DONNEES SOCIALES - OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES
.
Bilan de la loi du 11 février 2005 et de la mise en place
des Maisons Départementales des Personnes Handicapées,
P. Gohet,
La Documentation française, Paris, 95 p.,
(2007).
Résumé - Summary :
Le présent rapport fait le
point sur la mise en oeuvre de la loi du 11 février 2005 pour l'égalité des
droits et des chances, la participation et la citoyenneté des personnes
handicapées : éducation et scolarisation, accueil et aide des étudiants
handicapés, droit opposable à la scolarisation, insertion professionnelle et
emploi, accessibilité des lieux publics... Il revient par ailleurs sur la mise
en place et le fonctionnement des Maisons départementales des personnes
handicapées (MDPH), créées sous forme de Groupement d'intérêt public.
Zone géographique / Geographical area :
France
.
The Fed’s real reaction function : Monetary policy, inflation, unemployment,
inequality – and presidential politics, J.
K. Galbraith, O. Giovannoni and A. J. Russo,
University of Texas Inequality Project, Austin, UTIP
working paper, n° 42, July, 47 p., (2007).
Résumé – Summary : Using a VAR model of the
American economy from 1984 to 2003 we find that, contrary to official claims,
the Federal Reserve does not target inflation or react to “inflation signals.”
Rather, the Fed reacts to the very “real” signal sent by unemployment; in a way
that suggests that a baseless fear of full employment is a principal force
behind monetary policy. Tests of variations in the workings of a Taylor Rule,
using dummy variable regressions, on data going back to 1969 suggest that after
1983 the Federal Reserve largely ceased reacting to inflation or high
unemployment, but continued to react when unemployment fell “too low.” We
further find that monetary policy (measured by the yield curve) has significant
causal impact on pay inequality–a domain where the Federal Reserve refuses
responsibility. Finally, we test whether Federal Reserve policy has exhibited a
pattern of partisan bias in presidential election years, with results that
suggest the presence of such bias, after controlling for the effects of
inflation and unemployment.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States
.
Money for nothing and checks for free : Recent development in US subprime
mortgage markets, J. Kiff and P. Mills,
International Monetary Fund, Washington, IMF working
paper, n° 07, July, 19 p., (2007).
Résumé – Summary : After a number of warning
signs, the U.S. “subprime mortgage crisis” became a headline issue in February
2007. Notwithstanding the bankruptcy of numerous mortgage companies,
historically high delinquencies and foreclosures, and a significant tightening
in subprime lending standards, the impact thus far on core U.S. financial
institutions has been limited. This paper reviews the history and structure of
the subprime market. The results suggest that new origination and funding
technology appear to have made the financial system more stable at the expense
of undermining the effectiveness of consumer protection regulation. Potential
solutions to the management of this trade-off are then explored.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States
.
NABE panel : Subprime and credit top short-term threats to
U.S. economy,
National Association for Business Economics,
Washington, Economic policy survey, August 27, 3 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States
.
Rescaling social welfare policies in Denmark : national
report, C. Thorgaard and H. Vinther,
The
Danish National Centre for Social Research, Copenhagen, Working paper,
n° 10, August, 58 p., (2007).
Résumé – Summary : The
report is a contribution to the research project ”Rescaling of Social Welfare
Policies: a comparative study on the path towards multilevel governance in
Europe”, which is coordinated by the European Centre for Social Welfare Policy
and Research. The report is a background paper for the project. It provides
background information for understanding the rescaling process in Denmark. The
report has a three-fold purpose. First, it describes the contextual conditions
within which the rescaling process occurs. Second, it describes the
institutional settings in terms of territorial responsibilities and competences,
identifying the relevant actors involved in policy design, management and
delivery. Third, it describes the rescaling process that has occurred in Denmark
since the 1980s; it focuses on four policy areas: social assistance and local
politics against poverty, employment policy, elder care and integration policy.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Danemark
/ Denmark
.
Towards European skill needs forecasting,
A. Zukersteinova and O. Strietska-Ilina (Eds),
Cedefop, Thessaloniki, 182 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe