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PAUVRETE - POVERTY

. A child rights approach to child poverty : a discussion paper, Eurochild, Brussels, September, 11 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. Bridging the gaps : A picture of how work supports work in ten states, R. Albelda and alii,  CEPR, Washington / CSP, Boston, October, 54 p., Technical report on data and methods, 88 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area :  Etats-Unis / United States

. La coordination de l'observation statistique des personnes sans abri, L. Chambaud, Inspection générale des Affaires sociales, La Documentation française, Paris, 165 p., octobre, (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Familles et enfants pauvres dans le monde. Vers quelles politiques ?, C. Crépin, Cnaf, Paris, Dossiers d’études, n° 96, septembre, 67 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Données internationales / International data

. Labor supply responses of Italian women to minimum income policies, A. L. Mancini, Centre for Household, Income, Labour and Demographic economics, Turin, Working paper, n° 14, July, 44 p., (2007).

Résumé - Summary : Minimum income policies are means-tested policies aimed at guarantee all citizens with a minimum level of income and at fighting social exclusion typically associated with extreme poverty. Their main short- coming relies on the theoretical disincentive effect on labour market participation they could generate in the bottom part of income distribution, due to the high effective marginal tax rate they impose around the threshold level. This paper employs a structural labor supply model under discrete choices to examine labor supply responses of Italian women to the introduction of a minimum income policy. Different thresholds levels and earnings exemption ratios (exemption of part of labour earnings from relevant family income) have been tested to assess the existence and the magnitude of the disincentive effect. The results show that the level of the eligibility threshold is crucial in determing the existence of a poverty trap mechanism while the earnings exemption mecanism seems not to play any role. Moreover, family structure is crucial: only married women experience a disincentive effect, that tends to vanishes the hgher the income thresholds, while single women participation rates increase under all possibilities.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Italie / Italy

. La povertà relativa in Italia nel 2006, Istat, Roma, ottobre, 9 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Italie / Italy

. Tackling child poverty and promoting the social inclusion of children in the EU : Key lessons, H. Frazer and E. Marlier, Peer Review and Assessment in Social inclusion, Brussels, September, 87 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. Work, work supports and safety nets : Reducing the burden of low-incomes in America, J. Bernstein, Economic Policy Institute, Washington, EPI briefing paper, n° 200, October, 11 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area :  Etats-Unis / United States

.  Youth poverty in Europe, M. Iacovou and A. Aassve, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, London, October, 96 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

EMPLOI - EMPLOYMENT

. Conjoncture de l’emploi et du chômage au deuxième trimestre 2007 - L’emploi garde le cap, Dares, Premières informations, n° 42.1, octobre, 8 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Les contrats d’aide à l’emploi du plan de cohésion sociale en 2006 : forte hausse des embauches, P. Lamarche et  J. Pujol, Dares, Paris, Premières informations, n° 41.2, octobre, 8 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Le déclassement à la sortie du chômage, L. Lizé et N. Prokovas, Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, Université Paris 1, Documents de travail, n° 44, 25 p., (2007).

Résumé : Cette étude porte sur les trajectoires de retour à l’emploi des chômeurs, en exploitant l’enquête « Sortants de l’ANPE ». L’objectif est d’identifier statistiquement certains parcours, notamment ceux débouchant sur une mobilité professionnelle descendante. On s’attachera plus spécifiquement au désajustement entre l’emploi recherché et l’emploi retrouvé à la sortie du chômage. Le déclassement fait ici référence à la mobilité descendante, c'est-à-dire au passage vers un groupe social inférieur dans la hiérarchie traditionnelle des PCS. La question est de savoir si le basculement dans le déclassement représente une source d’enfermement ou, au contraire, un point de départ vers un repositionnement. Il s’agit donc de tenter d’identifier des trajectoires descendantes transitoires, et celles qui risquent de s’installer dans la durée. À cette fin, 5 548 cas de reprises d’emploi à la sortie de l’ANPE ont été étudiés.

Summary : This research focuses on the gap between the last employment and the new job at the exit of unemployment in the “Sortants de l'ANPE” survey of ANPE/DARES (5 548 persons). Many people are downgrading because their skills level is higher than the level of the job's qualification (matching between qualifications and socio-economic group). Does downgrading mean a lock-in position or a start to a new positioning? This approach suggests that the combination of mobility and downgrading at the exit of unemployment is an important phenomenon. One can suggest that either relegate positions could characterize a transitional period, or could risk to be lasting.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

REVENU - INCOME

 . The evolution of inequality, heterogeneity and uncertainty in labor earnings in the US economy, F. Cunha and J. J. Heckman, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, IZA discussion paper, n° 3115, October, 55 p., (2007).

Résumé - Summary : A large empirical literature documents a rise in wage inequality in the American economy. It is silent on whether the increase in inequality is due to greater heterogeneity in the components of earnings that are predictable by agents or whether it is due to greater uncertainty faced by agents. Applying the methodology of Cunha, Heckman, and Navarro (2005) to data on agents making schooling decisions in different economic environments, we join choice data with earnings data to estimate the fraction of future earnings that is forecastable and how this fraction has changed over time. We find that both predictable and unpredictable components of earnings have increased in recent years. The increase in uncertainty is substantially greater for unskilled workers. For less skilled workers, roughly 60% of the increase in wage variability is due to uncertainty. For more skilled workers, only 8% of the increase in wage variability is due to uncertainty. Roughly 26% of the increase in the variance of returns to schooling is due to increased uncertainty. Using conventional measures of income inequality masks the contribution of rising uncertainty to the rise in the inequality of earnings for less educated groups.
Zone géographique / Geographical area :  Etats-Unis / United States

. The persistence of welfare participation, T. Andren, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, IZA discussion paper, n° 3100, October, 23 p., (2007).

Résumé - Summary : Welfare persistence is estimated in and compared between Swedish-born and foreign-born households. This is done within the framework of a time-stationary dynamic discrete choice model controlling for the initial condition and unobserved heterogeneity. Three different types of persistence are controlled for in terms of observed and unobserved heterogeneity, serial correlation, and structural state dependence, the focus being on the latter measure. In a second step we analyze the long-run effects of receiving social assistance on future household earnings and disposable income. The results show that state dependence in Swedish welfare participation is strong in both Swedish-born and foreign-born. However, the size of the effect is three times as large for the latter group. When the effect is distributed over time, it disappears after three years for both groups. The effect of structural state dependence is decomposed into a number of observed explanatory factors. Surprisingly small effects are found from typical foreign-born factors such as time in the country and country of origin, both important determinants for welfare participation in general. When investigating the effect of social assistance participation on future earnings, we find a strong and persistent effect over the whole observation window, while no such effect could be found for disposable income. This indicates that the economic incentives to leave the dependency are very weak. The picture is similar for both Swedish-born and foreign-born, even though the negative earnings effect is somewhat larger for the latter.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Suède / Sweden

AUTRES DONNEES SOCIALES - OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES
 

. A more social EU ? In what areas ? In what forms ?, M.  Ferrera and S. Sacchi, URGE, Turin, Issue Paper, n° 1, 11 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. Les allocataires des minima sociaux : CMU, état de santé et recours aux soins, B. Boisguerin, Drees, Paris, études et résultats, n° 603, octobre, 8 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Chiffres clés de l'enseignement supérieur en Europe, Commission européenne, Eurydice, Bruxelles, 250 p., (2007).
English version "Key data on higher education in Europe"
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. A decade of innovation in Eu governance : The European Employment Strategy, the Open Method of Coordination and the Lisbon Strategy, J. Zeitlin, La Follette School of Public Affairs, Madison, Working paper, n° 2007-031, 18 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. La décentralisation du RMI, trois ans après, C. Avenel et S. Donné, Cnaf, Paris, Dossiers d’études, n° 97, octobre, 59 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Globalization and inequality in World Economic Outlook, International Monetary Fund, Washington, October, 31 p., (2007)
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Données internationales / International data

. Reforming the valuation and funding of pension promises : Are occupational plans safer ?, J. Yermo, OECD, Paris, OECD working paper on insurance and private pensions, n° 14, September, 31 p., (2007).

Résumé  : L‘auteur évalue dans ce document les évolutions actuelles des dispositions réglementaires et comptables dans la zone OCDE au regard de leurs objectifs supposés. Il examine plus précisément les différentes méthodes d'évaluation des engagements au titre des retraites, et s'interroge sur la possibilité d'une convergence entre les méthodes d'évaluation de ces engagements utilisées aux fins de financement, d'une part, et celles employées par les comptables d'entreprises, d'autre part. L'auteur parvient à la conclusion que l'évolution de la comptabilité d'entreprise vers des méthodes d'évaluation fondées sur les mécanismes de marché ne concorde par tout à fait avec l'exercice parallèle entrepris par de nombreuses instances de réglementation des retraites. Selon l'auteur, il est probable que les méthodes d'évaluation utilisées aux fins de financement continueront à évoluer vers un modèle fondé sur les mécanismes de marché. Compte tenu de cette tendance, les responsables de l'action publique devraient se montrer extrêmement prudents dans l'élaboration des règles de financement, de manière à laisser aux organismes de retraite des marges de manoeuvre suffisantes pour couvrir leurs déficits de financement, tout en les incitant à constituer des fonds de réserve en période de conjoncture économique favorable. Toujours selon l'auteur, les modifications des dispositions comptables et réglementaires influent sur la conception des plans de retraite dans certains pays de l'OCDE, comme le Japon, les Pays-Bas et le Royaume-Uni, et elles peuvent déboucher sur des comportements d'investissement procycliques de la part des organismes de retraite.

Summary : This paper assesses current regulatory and accounting developments in the OECD area against their purported goals. It specifically considers the different approaches to valuing pension liabilities and questions the possibility of convergence between funding and business accountants‘ valuation standards for pension liabilities. It concludes that the trend towards market-based valuation methods in business accounting is not entirely consistent with the parallel exercise undertaken by many pension regulators. Since valuation methods for funding purposes are likely to continue moving towards a market-based model, policymakers should be all the more cautious in setting funding regulations so as to provide sufficient flexibility to pension funds in covering funding deficits while providing incentives to establish funding buffers in good economic times. We also argue that accounting rules and regulatory changes are driving plan design in some OECD countries such as Japan, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom and can lead to procyclical investment behaviour by pension funds.
Zone géographique / Geographical area :  Pays de l'OCDE / OECD countries

. Un élève sur deux entrés en  6e en 1995 fait des études 10 ans plus tard, S. Lemaire, V. Guyon et F. Murat, Insee, Paris, Insee première, n° 1158, septembre, 4 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France