PAUVRETE - POVERTY
.
Gender equality,
International Poverty Centre, Brasilia, Poverty
in focus, n° 13, January, 28 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Données internationales /
International data
.
Working out of poverty : A study of the low-paid and the "working
poor", G. Cooke and K. Lawton,
Institute for Public Policy Research, London,
January, 65 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom
.
The economic security of older women
and men in the United States, T. Finkle, H. Hartmann, and S. Lee,
Institute for Women's Policy Research, Washington, Briefing paper, n° D480,
December, 8 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States
.
Growth strategies and poverty reduction : the institutional complementarity
hypothesis,
R. Boyer,
Paris-Jourdan Sciences économiques,
Working paper, n° 43, 50 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Pays en voie de développement /
Developing countries
EMPLOI - EMPLOYMENT
.
L’activité des missions locales et PAIO en 2006. La hausse de l’activité se
poursuit avec la montée en charge du CIVIS, L.
Bionnevialle,
Dares, Paris, Premières synthèses, n° 02.1,
janvier, 6 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France
.
Le contrat d’insertion dans la vie sociale (CIVIS) : la moitié des jeunes occupe
un emploi à la sortie du dispositif, L. Bionnevialle,
Dares,
Paris, Premières synthèses, n° 02.2, janvier, 7 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France
.
A fistful of Euros : Does one-Euro-job participation lead
means-tested benefit recipients into regular jobs and out of unemployment
benefit II receipt ?,
K. Hohmeyer and J. Wolff,
Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung,
Nürnberg, IAB discussion paper, n° 32/2007, 65 p., (2007).
Résumé - Summary
:
In
2005 a major reform of the German means-tested unemployment benefit system came
into force. The reform aimed at activating benefit recipients, e.g., by a
workfare programme, the so-called One-Euro-Job. This programme was implemented
at a large scale. Participants receive their means-tested benefit and a small
compensation of usually one to 1.5 EURO per hour worked. Participation typically
lasts six months or less. We investigate the impact of One-Euro-Jobs for
participants who entered the programme at the start of the year 2005. We apply
propensity score matching to estimate the treatment effects on the outcomes
regular employment, neither being registered as unemployed nor as job-seeker and
no unemployment benefit II receipt. We observe these outcomes for about two
years after programme start. The locking-in effects are small. Moreover, 20
months after programme there is a significant but small positive impact on the
employment rate of female but not male participants. During the first two years
after programme start, participation does not contribute to avoiding
unemployment benefit II receipt. Our results imply that there is some effect
heterogeneity: Participation reduces the employment rate of participants younger
than 25 years, but raises it for some older participant groups. It is
ineffective for participants who were recently employed, while it is effective
for participants who lost their last contributory job between 1992 and 2000
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne / Germany
. Employment protection reforms, employment and the incidence of temporary jobs
in Europe : 1995-2001, L. M. Kahn,
Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn,
IZA discussion paper, n° 3241, December, 47 p., (2007).
Résumé - Summary
: Using European Community Household Panel data for nine countries for
1996-2001, I investigate the impact of reforms of employment protection systems
on employment and on temporary jobs for wage and salary workers. Individual
fixed effects models are estimated, with the inclusion of country-specific
trends in the dependent variable, addressing the possibly changing labor force
composition and the possible endogeneity of the reforms. A basic finding that is
robust to all specifications and to the disaggregation of the sample by country
is that policies making it easier to create temporary jobs raise the likelihood
that wage and salary workers will be in temporary jobs. However, there is no
evidence that such reforms raise employment, and in some countries, they appear
to lower employment. Thus, these reforms appear rather to encourage a
substitution of temporary for permanent work. Reforms of permanent employment
protection mandates have small and insignificant effects on employment and
temporary jobs on average. Moreover, when I disaggregate by country, such
reforms appear more often to lower overall employment and to lower the share of
employment in permanent jobs. These are likely to reflect short run impacts of
such reforms, which make it easier for firms to discharge substandard workers.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe
.
ERM report 2007 : Restructuring and employment in the EU, the impact of
globalisation,
European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working
Conditions, Dublin, 117 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe
.
La grande coalition et le marché du travail en Allemagne,
H. Scherl et S. Noll,
IFRI, Paris, Note du Cerfa, n° 50, décembre, 23 p.,
(2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne / Germany
.
Last hired, last fired ? Black-white unemployment and the business cycle,
K. A. Couch and R. Fairlie,
National Poverty Center, Ann Arbor, NPC working paper series,
n° 07-35, 48 p., (2007).
Résumé - Summary : Past studies have tested the claim that blacks are the
last hired during periods of economic growth and the first fired in recessions
by examining the movement of relative unemployment rates over the business
cycle. Any conclusion drawn from this type of analysis must be viewed as
tentative because the cyclical movements in the underlying transitions into and
out of unemployment are not examined. Using Current Population Survey data
matched across adjacent months from 1989 to 2004, this paper provides the first
examination of labor market transitions for prime-age black and white men to
test the last-hired, first-fired hypothesis. Considerable evidence is presented
that blacks are the first fired as the business cycle weakens. However, no
evidence is found that blacks are the last hired. Instead, blacks are initially
hired from the ranks of the unemployed early in the business cycle and later are
drawn from non-participation. The narrowing of the racial unemployment gap near
the peak of the business cycle is driven by a reduction in the rate of job loss
for blacks rather than increases in hiring. These dynamic patterns and their
timing have not been identified in the previous literature.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States
.
Quels secteurs réformer pour favoriser l’emploi et la
croissance ?, R. Bouis,
Direction générale du Trésor et dela Politique économique,
Paris, Documents de Travail, n° 2007-13, décembre, 35 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France
.
Temporary jobs : Port of entry, trap, or just unobserved heterogeneity ?,
F. Berton, F. Devicienti and L. Pacelli,
Laboratorio R. Revelli, Moncalieri, Working
paper,
n°
68, December, 22 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Italie / Italy
.
What are the long-term effects of the UI ?
Evidence from the UK JSA reform,
B. Petrongolo,
Centre for Economic Performance, London,
CEP working paper, n° 841, December, 57 p., (2007).
Résumé - Summary
: This paper investigates long-term returns from unemployment compensation,
exploiting variation from the UK JSA reform of 1996, which implied a major
increase in job search requirements for eligibility and in the related
administrative hurdle. Search theory predicts that such changes should raise the
proportion of non-claimant nonemployed, with consequences on search effort and
labor market attachment, and lower the reservation wage of the unemployed, with
negative effects on post-unemployment wages. I test these ideas on longitudinal
data from Social Security records (LLMDB). Using a difference in differences
approach, I find that individuals who start an unemployment spell soon after JSA
introduction, as opposed to six months earlier, are 2.5-3% more likely to move
from unemployment into Incapacity Benefits spells, and 4% less likely to have
positive earnings in the following year. This latter employment effect only
vanishes four years after the initial unemployment shock. At the same time,
earnings for the treated individuals seem to be lower than for the non treated,
but the confidence intervals around these estimated effects are quite large to
exclude a wider variety of scenarios. These results suggest that while tighter
search requirements were successful in moving individuals off unemployment
benefits, they were not successful in moving them onto new or better jobs, with
fairly long lasting unintended consequences on a number of labor market outcomes.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom
REVENU - INCOME
.
Minimum wages and youth employment : Evidence from the
Finnish retail trade sector,
P. Böckerman
and R. Uusitalo,
Labour Institute for Economic Research,
Helsinki, Discussion papers, n° 238, 29 p., (2007).
Résumé - Summary :
Following an
agreement between the trade unions and the employer organisations, Finnish
employers could pay less than the existing minimum wage for young workers
between 1993 and 1995. We examine the effects of these minimum wage exceptions
by comparing the changes in wages and employment of the groups whose minimum
wages were reduced with simultaneous changes among slightly older workers for
whom the minimum wage regulation was still binding. Our analysis is based on the
payroll record data and minimum wage agreements from the retail trade sector
over the period 1990-2005. We discover that average wages in the eligible group
declined only modestly despite the fact that the excess supply of labour during
high unemployment should make it relatively easy to attract workers even with
low wages. The minimum wage exceptions had no positive effects on employment
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Finlande / Finland
.
The wage premium on tertiary education: new estimates for 21 OECD
countries, H. Strauss and C. de la Maisonneuve,
OECD, Paris, Economic
department working papers, n° 589, December, 63 p., (2007).
Summary : This paper presents cross-section estimates of gross hourly
wage premia on tertiary education. They are based on a unified framework for 21
OECD countries from the 1990s to the early 2000s and use international household
surveys to maximise international comparability. The results of the augmented
Mincerian wage equations point to an average hourly gross wage premium on
completed tertiary education of 55% in 2001 (country-gender average),
translating into a premium of close to 11% per annum of tertiary education. Wage
premia display little variation over time but huge cross-country variation: at
6% they are lowest in Greece and Spain (men and women) as well as in Austria and
Italy (women) while reaching 14%-18% in Hungary, Portugal, and in most
Anglo-Saxon countries. Given that the wage premium is the single most important
driver of private returns to education, the results presented here have
potentially important implications for policies that aim at increasing
investment in human capital.
Résumé : Cette étude présente des estimations transversales de la
prime salariale horaire brute pour l'éducation supérieure qui reposent sur un
cadre harmonisé pour 21 pays de l'OCDE entre les années 90 et le début des
années 2000. L' étude est basée sur des enquêtes internationales auprès des
ménages afin de maximiser la comparaison entre pays. L « extension » des
équations salariales de Mincer donne comme résultat une prime salariale horaire
moyenne brute à l'achèvement d'un diplôme d'éducation supérieure de 55% en 2001
(en moyenne pour les hommes et les femmes pour tous les pays), ce qui est
équivalent à près de 11% par année d'éducation supérieure. Les primes salariales
varient peu au cours du temps mais de manière significative à travers les pays :
les plus faibles sont en Grèce et en Espagne à 6% (hommes et femmes) ainsi qu'en
Autriche et en Italie (femmes) alors quelles atteignent 14%-18% en Hongrie, au
Portugal et dans la plupart des pays anglo-saxons. Étant donné que la prime
salariale est le déterminant le plus important du rendement privé de l'éducation
supérieure, les résultats peuvent avoir des implications importantes pour les
politiques visant l'augmentation du stock de capital humain.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Pays de l'OCDE / OECD countries
.
Wages and employment of French workers with African origin,
R. Aeberhardt et alii,
Crest, Paris, Document de travail, n°
2007-36, 24 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France
AUTRES DONNEES SOCIALES - OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES
.
Les jeunesses face à leur avenir : une enquête
internationale,
A. Stellinger, R. Wintrebert, préface F. de Singly,
Fondation pour l'Innovation Politique, Paris,
Rapport, 185 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe, Etats-Unis / Europe, United
States
.
L'émergence de l'âge adulte, une nouvelle étape du parcours de vie :
Implications pour le développement des politiques,
S. Gaudet,
Projet de Recherche sur les Politiques, Ottawa, Document de
discussion, Décembre, 33 p., (2007).
English version "Emerging adulthood : a new stage in the life course :
Implications for policy development"
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Canada
.
Transnational investments in informational capital : A comparative study of
Denmark, France and Sweden,
M. D. Munk,
The Danish National Institute of Social Research, Copenhagen,
Working paper, n° 21/2007, 35 p., (2007).
Résumé - Summary : This paper analyses the acquisition of
informational capital, e.g. academic capital, measured as student mobility, and
understood as transnational investments in prestigious foreign educational
institutions. In the 1990s, educational “zones of prestige” have especially been
the United States, the United Kingdom and, to some extent, Germany and France.
Official statistics from Sweden, Denmark and France regarding the outflow of
students show increasing student mobility. In particular, the study reveals that
students from the upper and upper middle social classes (measured by parental
occupation) are more likely than students from other social classes to pursue
transnational investments, even though students from the middle and working
classes have now entered the competition. This result is also recently found in
an analysis of Danish academic emigrants. All in all, the studies confirm the
hypothesis that students from upper classes are more likely than others to
invest in specific informational capital in the field of education, in national
environments but also in international settings.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Danemark, France, Suède / Denmark,
France, Sweden