PAUVRETE - POVERTY
.
Adequacy of social minimums : Workfare, gender and poverty
alleviation in welfare democracies,
K. Nelson,
Luxembourg Income Study, Luxembourg, Working paper n° 474, February,
28 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary :
In the Western countries poverty has increased along
with the resurgence of low-income targeting and the increased conditionality of
social assistance. This paper provides new evidence on the relationship between
social minimums and income adequacy by examining the extent to which social
benefits distribute income at levels necessary to escape poverty. The empirical
analyzes combine macro-level institutional data and micro-level income data for
17 industrialized welfare democracies. It is shown that the period 1990-1995 is
characterized primarily by stagnation, whereas social assistance adequacy
declined in the latter half of the nineties. In most countries, social
assistance fails to provide income above the poverty threshold, something that
makes it difficult to conceive benefits as just redistributive instruments.
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Europe
.
Beyond the breadline : a poverty threshold based on a
general budget approach,
A. Soede and C. Vrooman,
The Netherlands Institute for Social Research,
The Hague, February, 26 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Pays-Bas / The Netherlands
.
Children's perspectives on economic adversity : A review
of the literature,
G. Redmond,
Social Policy Research Centre, Sydney, SPRC
discussion paper, n° 149, February, 32 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Australie, Etats-Unis, Royaume-Uni,
Pays-Bas / Australia, United States, United Kingdom, The Netherlands
.
L'enquête de l'Insee sur les sans-domicile : quelques éléments historiques,
M. Marpsat, Insee, Paris, Courrier des
Statistiques, n° 123, janvier-avril, 12 p.,
(2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : France
.
From work to retirement : Tracking changes in women's
poverty status, S. Lee and L. Shaw,
Institute for Women's Policy Research, Washington, Research report,
44 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States
.
A new war on poverty ? Is it time for a new war on poverty
? The presidential candidates and top commentators weigh in,
The Stanford Center for the Study of Poverty and
Inequality, Stanford, Pathways, Winter, pp. 8-28, (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States
EMPLOI - EMPLOYMENT
.
Assistance et Emploi.
Le comportement des
allocataires du RMI face aux politiques publiques d’incitation à l’emploi,
S.
Gauthier,
Crest,
Paris, Document de travail, n° 2008-01, 155 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary
: Ce texte est une étude théorique des incitations à l'emploi qui
sont effectivement offertes aux allocataires du revenu minimum d'insertion dans
un cadre dynamique. Il s'intéresse aux effets de trois dispositifs
d'intéressement : l'intéressement Aubry-Guigou (1998-2006), l'intéressement
Borloo qui lui a succédé, et celui qui s'est appliqué au contrat
emploi-solidarité jusqu'en 2005. Il suggère que le ciblage de l'intéressement
sur la population qui voit son droit au RMI maintenu ouvert après la prise
d'empoi est susceptible d'affaiblir les incitations à l'emploi dès lors que le
caractère différentiel de l'allocation RMI est pris en compte. La nature
transitoire de ces dispositifs favorise quant à elle l'instabilité de l'épisode
emploi, au sens où cet épisode est plus souvent interrompu lorsque
l'intéressement prend fin. L'intéressement Aubry-Guigou serait exposé à ces deux
écueils, tout comme en principe l'intéressement CES, bien que certaines
spécificités de ce contrat puissent en partie l'en immuniser ; l'intéressement
Borloo ne serait exposé qu'au second de ces deux écueils.
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : France
.
Les Femmes face au travail à temps partiel,
G. Bel,
Conseil
économique et social, Paris, Avis et rapport,
n° 5, 128 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : France
.
Tendances mondiales de l'emploi des femmes : 2008,
Bureau international du Travail, Genève, mars,
36 p., (2008).
English version
"Global employment trends for women"
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Données internationales / International data
.
Unemployment and interactions between trade and labour
market institutions,
H. Boulhol,
Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, Paris,
Document de travail, n°
2008-16, 39 p., (2008).
Résumé :
De nombreuses recherches ont souligné que les institutions du marché d'un pays
constituent des déterminants importants de son taux de chômage. Cette étude
généralise l'idée de Davis (1998) selon laquelle les institutions des
partenaires commerciaux influencent aussi le taux de chômage d'un pays parce
qu'elles sont à la source d'avantages comparatifs. L'investigation empirique
confirme que les interactions entre le commerce bilatéral et les réglementations
relatives du marché du travail affectent le taux de chômage d'équilibre. Compte
tenu des limites relatives aux données dans ce domaine l'ambition de ce papier
est simplement d'attirer l'attention sur la pertinence de ces interactions comme
facteurs complémentaires aux autres explications du chômage. Un autre résultat
intéressant est qu'un pays relativement peu réglementé comme le Canada peut être
affecté négativement parce que son principal partenaire est encore moins
réglementé, alors qu'un pays hautement réglementé comme l'Allemagne est
relativement protégé car ses partenaires le sont tout autant.
Summary : There
is ample evidence that a country's labour market institutions are important
determinants of unemployment. This study generalises Davis' (1998) idea
according to which the institutions of the trade partners matter also for a
country's equilibrium unemployment rate as they generate comparative advantages.
Moreover, the empirical investigation provides some evidence that the
interactions between bilateral trade and relative labour market regulations
affect the equilibrium unemployment rate. Given data limitations in this area,
the ambition of this paper is merely to draw the attention to the general
relevance of these interactions as complementing factors to other explanations
of unemployment. Another interesting finding is that a fairly low regulated
country like Canada can be negatively affected because its main trading partner
is even less regulated, while a high regulated country like Germany appears
rather sheltered because its trading partners are also highly regulated.
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : none
REVENU - INCOME
.
Do labour market institutions matter ? Micro-level wage
effects of international outsourcing in three European countries,
I. Geishecker, H.
Görg and J. R. Munch,
Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Kiel,
Kiel working paper, February, 23 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary : This paper studies the impact of outsourcing on
individual wages in three European countries with markedly different labour
market institutions: Germany, the UK and Denmark. To do so we use individual
level data sets for the three countries and construct comparable measures of
outsourcing at the industry level, distinguishing outsourcing by broad region.
Estimating the same specification on different data show that there are some
interesting differences in the effect of outsourcing across countries. We
discuss some possible reasons for these differences based on labour market
institutions
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Allemagne, Danemark, Royaume-Uni / Germany, Denmark, United Kingdom
.
Gender wage differentials in Italy : A structural
estimation approach,
G. Sulis,
Laboratorio R. Revelli, Moncalieri, Working
paper, n° 74, February 15,
30 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary : This paper studies gender wage differentials in Italy by
providing a structural estimation of the frictional parameters of two different
theoretical specifications of an equilibrium search model. I alternatively allow
for firm heterogeneity and discrimination empirically using maximum likelihood
and matching first moments in the data. Results indicate substantial differences
in transition parameters with higher level of search frictions for women. The
mapping from productivity to wages for men is highly non linear, with high
productivity firms offering proportionally higher wages; for women, the
relationships is almost linear. Including discrimination, I find that
productivity accounts for 61 % of the wage offer di¤erential, search for 28 %
and 11 % is the part of discrimination.
Zone géographique / Geographical area :Italie / Italy
.
Livre vert vers un revenu de Solidarité active,
M.
Hirsch,
La Documentation française,
Paris, 63 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : France
.
National minimum wage : report 2008
Low
Pay Commission, London, March, 209 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom
.
Salaires des femmes cadres : le palmarès des fonctions,
Apec, Paris, Les études de l'emploi cadre,
mars, 40 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : France
.
Wage gaps large and small, B. A. Hirsch,
Institute
for the Labor of Study, Bonn, IZA discussion paper, n° 3375, February,
26 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary :
The law of one wage does not strictly hold, nor should it be expected to hold,
in contemporary labor markets. The law of one wage, however, provides a
surprisingly good first approximation of the structure of U.S. wages. This
generalization is drawn from research on a diverse set of topics: the Mincerian
wage equation and earnings imputation, union wage differentials, product market
regulation and the labor market, wages in male and female jobs, the wage effects
of military service, and interarea wages and cost-of-living.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States
.
The gender wage gap in Cyprus,
L. N. Christofides and K. Vrachmis, University of Cyprus,
Economics Research Centre, Nicosia, Economic analysis papers, n°
10-07, December, 31 p., (2007).
Résumé - Summary :
The objective of this study is to examine the gender wage gap in Cyprus over
time, using available data from the Cyprus Surveys of Household Expenditure and
Income of 1990/91, 1996/97 and 2002/03. The results show that the observed wage
gap declined from 0.572 ln wage points in 1990/91 to 0.313 points in 1996/97 and
to 0.26 points in 2002/03. The large reduction by 1996/97 was, in part, due to
an improvement in the productivity characteristics (specifically education) of
female employees. However, by the 1996/97 Survey, no scope for significant
further reductions in the gap due to improved characteristics was possible,
leaving the observed gap of 0.313 ln wage points unexplained and due either to
unobserved characteristics or discrimination. This also holds for the observed
gap of 0.26 points in 2002/03. Quantile regressions which focus on the wage gap
at different points of the ln wage distribution reveal that, despite the
considerable progress achieved by women in moving through the ranks of the
distribution, the pay gap is largest at the highest levels of the ln wage
distribution in all three Surveys.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Chypre / Cyprus
AUTRES DONNEES SOCIALES - OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES
.
Higher education and equality of opportunity in Italy,
V. Peragine and L. Serlenga,
Centre for household, Income, Labour and Demographic
economics, Torino, Working paper, n° 01,
34 p., (2008).
Zone géographique /
Geographical area :Italie / Italy
.
Les migrations internationales en Europe : vers
l’harmonisation des statistiques, X.
Thierry, Ined,
Paris, Population & sociétés, n° 442, février, 4 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Europe
.
Où en est la stratégie de Lisbonne ? L'avancée des
réformes structurelles,
E. Vergnaud,
BNP Paribas, Paris,
Conjoncture, janvier-février, 8 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Europe
.
L’uscita dei giovani dalla famiglia in Italia e in Europa,
Istituto
di tudi e Analisi Economica,
Roma, Note mensile, n° 1, gennaio,
11 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area :Italie, Europe / Italy, Europe