PAUVRETE - POVERTY
.
Can escaping from poor neighborhoods increase employment
and earnings,
E. Cove and alii,
The Urban Institute, Washington, Brief, n°
4, March, 12 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Etats-Unis / United States
.
Ending child poverty : Everybody's business,
HM Treasury, Department for Work and Pensions and Department for Children,
Schools and Families,
HM Treasury, London, March, 87 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom
.
Leaving home and the chances of being poor : The case of young people in
Southern European countries, L. Parisi,
Institute for Social and
Economic Research, Colchester, Working paper, n° 2008-12, March, 33 p.,
(2008).
Résumé - Summary :
This paper analyses, for Southern European countries, the link between the
poverty status of young people who leave home and the economic status of their
family of origin. First we model the poverty status of those who leave home
while also accounting for the fact that youths from better-off households are
more likely to leave home (a sample selection model). Second we address the time
at risk of leaving home using a competing risks duration model. Estimates from
both approaches suggest that young people delay leaving home because it may
increase their chances of being poor. Moreover both approaches indicate that
young people who have left home are more likely to be poor if their family of
origin is poor and that differences across countries are not statistically
significant.
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Europe
.
Poverty in Australia : Sensitivity analysis and recent trends,
P. Saunders, T. Hill and B. Bradbury,
Social Policy
Research Centre, Sydney, SPRC report, n° 4, 93 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Australia / Australie
.
Poverty permanence among European youth, D. Mendola, A. Busetta and A.
Aassve,
Institute for Social and Economic Research, Colchester, Working paper,
n° 2008-04, January, 27 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary :
Previous studies suggest that Scandinavian countries are the ones with the
highest rates of youth poverty in Europe. This somewhat unexpected finding
prompts the question whether the incidence of poverty is an appropriate measure
of youth disadvantage. Instead of considering poverty rates we define here youth
disadvantage in terms of the number of periods an individual is recorded to be
below the poverty line. Using the European Community Household Panel,
individuals are classified into different groups of poverty permanence, each
reflecting severity of social disadvantage. Based on these categories we
implement a generalized ordinal logit model to assess the various factors
associated with social disadvantage among youth. In contrast to previous
research, we find little evidence to suggest that young individuals in
Scandinavian countries suffer higher levels of social disadvantage. Moreover
there is no significant gender difference in Conservative and Social Democratic
welfare regimes, but significant difference in Mediterranean and Liberal
countries. As previous studies suggests, young individuals’ living arrangements
matter.
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Europe
EMPLOI - EMPLOYMENT
.
Explaining differences in hours worked among OECD countries : An
empirical analysis,
O. Causa,
OECD, Paris, Economics department working
papers, n° 596, March, 64 p. (2008).
Résumé :
Cet article analyse les déterminants politiques des heures
travaillées par la population employée dans les pays de l'OCDE. Ce travail porte
sur l'impact des taxes, des réglementations du temps de travail, et des
politiques du marché du travail et du marché des produits sur la marge intensive
de l'utilisation du travail. Il s'interroge sur les facteurs sous-jacents les
différences d'heures travaillées en ligne avec les approches agrégées mais
analyse également l'hétérogénéité de la force de travail dans la veine des
analyses microéconomiques de l'offre de travail. Cet article montre que les
politiques et les institutions ont un impact sur les heures travaillées par
différentes sous-populations composant la force de travail. Pour résumer, tandis
que les heures travaillées par les femmes sont sensibles à la fiscalité du
travail, les heures travaillées par les hommes répondent davantage aux
réglementations sur la durée du temps de travail ainsi qu'aux politiques du
marché du travail et du marché des produits. Premièrement, alors qu'un niveau
élevé de taxation marginale implique une désincitation à augmenter le nombre
d'heures travaillées chez les femmes, l'impact de la fiscalité sur les heures
travaillées par les hommes est nul. Deuxièmement, la réglementation sur la durée
du temps de travail a un impact significatif sur les heures travaillées par les
hommes, et cet impact varie en fonction du niveau d'éducation. Troisièmement,
d'autres politiques structurelles, et en particulier la rigueur de la protection
de l'emploi sur les contrats permanents, ainsi qu'une réglementation
anti-compétitive du marché des produits, ont un impact négatif sur les heures
travaillées par les hommes, par-delà leur impact sur leur niveau d'emploi.
Summary :
This working paper investigates the policy determinants of hours worked among
employed individuals in OECD countries, focussing on the impact of taxation,
working-time regulations, and other labour and product market policies. It
explores the factors underlying cross-country differences in hours worked in
line with previous aggregate approaches while at the same time it looks more
closely at labour force heterogeneity in the vein of microeconomic labour supply
models. The paper shows that policies and institutions have a different impact
on working hours of men and women. Firstly, while high marginal taxes create a
disincentive to work longer hours for women, their impact on hours worked by men
is almost insignificant. Secondly, working-time regulations have a significant
impact on hours worked by men, and this impact differs across education
categories. Thirdly, other labour and product market policies, in particular
stringent employment protection of workers on regular contracts and
competition-restraining product market policies, have a negative impact on hours
worked by men, over and beyond their impact on employment levels.
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Pays de l'OCDE / OECD countries
.
The longer-term impact of the New Deal for Young People,
I. Beale, C.
Bloss and A. Thomas,
Department for Work and Pensions, London, Working paper, n°
23, March, 118 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom
.
A primer on the 35-hour in France : 1997-2007,
P. Askenazy,
Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, IZA
discussion paper, n° 3402, March, 30 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary :
France has experienced massive changes in its regulation of working time during
the last decade. These changes generate natural experiments that may help to
study a variety of issues in labor economics, including work sharing effect on
job creation or productivity, labor relations or adaptation of firms to
regulation. This paper provides a primer for researchers interested by working
on these issues. It includes detailed information about the 35-hour laws and
their progressive removal, and discusses the first wave of research evaluating
these policies, that draws a contrasted picture. It also highlights some
unexplored lines of research.
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : France
.
Les ressources humaines seniors en science et technologie,
T. Meri,
Eurostat, Luxembourg, Statistiques en bref,
science et technologie, n°26/2008, 8 p., (2008).
English version
: " Senior human resources in
science and technology"
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe
REVENU - INCOME
.
Le National Minimum Wage est-il comparable au SMIC ?,
J. Boissinot,
Direction générale du Trésor et de la Politique économique,
Paris, Trésor-éco, n° 31, mars, 8 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : France, Royaume-Uni / France, United Kingdom
.
Le nombre d’allocataires du RMI au 31 décembre 2007, S.
Cazain, M. Hennion et E. Nauze-Fichet,
Drees, Paris, Etudes et résultats, n° 627, mars, 4 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : France
.
Pay inequality in 25 European countries, S. O'Dorchai,
Dulbea,
Bruxelles, Document de travail, n° 08-06-RS, March, 33 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary :
This paper analyses
disparity in women’s pay across 25 European countries using EU-SILC 2005. First,
the gender pay gap is examined. Next, the impact of working hours and parenthood
is analysed. We show that women suffer a wage disadvantage compared with men all
over Europe, except for Poland. Motherhood usually reinforces the gender gap but
most discrimination is sex-related so that it concerns all women as potential
mothers. There is no uniform relationship between the parenthood and the gender
wage gap. Finally, female part-timers face either a bonus or penalty (between 2%
and 30% roughly).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe
. La place du RMI dans le système des
minima sociaux, H.
Périvier,
OFCE, Paris, Document de travail, n° 2008-08,
mars, 17 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : France
AUTRES DONNEES SOCIALES - OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES
.
Early school-leavers in the Netherlands : the role of student-, family- and
school factors for early school-leaving in lower secondary education,
T.
Traag and R. K. W. van der Velden,
Research Centre for Education and the Labour
Market, Maastricht, n° ROA-RM-2008/3, March, 44 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary
:
Most studies on early school-leaving address only partial causes of why some
students leave school early. This study aims to develop a more elaborate model
to explain early school-leaving in lower secondary education, taking into
account individual, family and school factors at the same time. By using a
longitudinal dataset we are able to attribute clear causal relations between the
different factors. We distinguish four groups of school-leavers, separating
‘dropouts’ (those without any qualification) from those who left school after
attaining a diploma in lower secondary education (‘low qualified’), those who
pursued education as an apprentice (‘apprentices’) and the ones who continued
education and received a full upper secondary qualification (‘full
qualification). Discerning these four groups shows clear differences in the
background of different types of early schoolleavers and in the effects of
school factors.
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Pays-Bas / The Netherlands
.
Features and challenges of population ageing : the European perspective,
A. Zaidi,
European Centre, Vienna, Policy brief, March, 16 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe
.
Indemnisation et accompagnement des chômeurs : une
articulation à reconsidérer, C. Tuchszirer,
Centre d'études de l'Emploi,
Noisy-le-Grand, Connaissance de l'emploi, n° 51, février, 4 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary :
La réforme du service public
de l'emploi, adoptée avec la loi du 13 février dernier, vise à fusionner les
réseaux opérationnels de l'ANPE et de l'Unedic au sein d'une nouvelle «
institution nationale publique ». Ce changement intervient dans un contexte bien
spécifique puisqu'en France les dispositifs d'accompagnement des chômeurs se
sont progressivement calés sur le statut indemnitaire de ces derniers : un
régime paritaire dit d'assurance, financé par la cotisation sociale (allocation
de retour à l'emploi-ARE), coexiste avec un régime dit de solidarité, financé
par l'impôt (allocation de solidarité spécifique-ASS), auquel s'ajoute le revenu
minimum d'insertion (RMI). Ces trois composantes ont eu des effets structurants
sur les politiques d'accompagnement des demandeurs d'emploi. Ainsi, ces
dernières ont été de plus en plus différenciées, non pas en fonction de la
situation des chômeurs vis-à-vis du marché du travail mais de l'institution qui
finance le revenu de remplacement. La fusion ANPE/Unedic mettra-t-elle fin à cet
éclatement, qui peut être source d'inégalités et d'inefficacité ? C'est un des
enjeux importants de la réforme.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France
.
Proposition de loi renforçant le contrôle comptable du revenu minimum
d’insertion,
A. Cazalet,
Sénat,
Paris, Rapport, n° 235, mars, 21 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : France