PAUVRETE - POVERTY
. Contribution à l'analyse de la
pauvreté non-monétaire micro-multidimensionnelle au Mali,
Y. Koloma,
Groupe
d’Economie du Développement,
Bordeaux, Document de travail, n°
142, 24 p., (2008)
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Mali / Malia
.
The impact of benefit and tax uprating on incomes and
poverty,
H. Sutherland and alii,
Joseph Rowntree Foundation, London, 126 p.,
(2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom
.
Μπορεί να μηδενιστεί η φτώχεια,
Π. Πασιαρδής,
ΚΟΕ,
Λευκωσία, Σχόλιο οικονομικής πολιτικής, Τεύχος 16, Μάρτιος, σ. 4, (2008).
(Abolition de la pauvreté à Chypre)
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Chypre / Cyprus
.
Welfare states, labour market institutions and the working
poor : A comparative analysis of 20 European countries,
H. Lohmann,
DIW, Berlin, Discussion papers, n° 776, March,
38 p., (2008)
Résumé - Summary
:
This paper regards the incidence of in-work poverty and how it is reduced by the
pay-ment of social transfers in 20 European countries. It combines a micro- and
a macro-level perspective in two-level models. The basis for the analysis is
micro-data from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) 2005
and macro-data from sources such as the OECD and Eurostat. The broad comparative
perspective allows for a separation of different institutional influences,
namely the influence of the degree of decommodification, defamilisation and
bargaining centralisation. In contrast to previous studies on the working poor
which have mainly described country differences in in-work poverty, this paper
focuses on the question of how such differences can be ex-plained from a broader
perspective of poverty research. In general, the results confirm the overall
hypothesis that both welfare state measures and labour market institutions have
an influence on in-work poverty. By analysing influences on pre-transfer poverty
and poverty reduction separately, I show that such factors have varied effects
on in-work poverty. While bargaining centralisation proves to be relevant for
the distribution of pre-transfer incomes only, the set-up of the social security
system in particular im-pacts the extent of poverty reduction.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe
.
Les familles pauvres sont-elles plus mal traitées en France ? Une comparaison
des revenus minima garantis dans douze pays européens,
A. Math,
Ires, Noisy-le-Grand, Revue, n° 54, 30 p., (2007).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe
EMPLOI - EMPLOYMENT
.
Disconnected youth : Federal action could address some
of the challenges faced by local programs that reconnect youth to education and
employment,
US Government Accountability Office, Washington, February, 64
p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Etats-Unis / United States
.
A new employability paradigm : cross-cutting measures of retrenchment /
restructuring of European employment policies,
A. S. List-Jensen,
Centre for
Comparative Welfare Studies, Aalborg, CCWS working paper, n° 2008-58, 37 p.,
(2008).
Résumé - Summary :
This article investigates
the convergence of European labour markets in terms of the adoption of stricter
conditionality policies to boost employment. A most different country design is
used to test this hypothesis of convergence by showing that the various
countries are engaged in promoting more market-conforming employability schemes.
The country cases represent three different welfare regimes and include: Denmark,
Germany, and the United Kingdom. However, though the study expects
convergence, it is recognized that the changes are introduced in different
“policy packages” that both include “soft” and “harsher” measures. Convergence
might be explained with functional necessity or similar cause-effects beliefs
within a new economic paradigm, but the article highlights the political logic
of this process. The study argues that the variation in the implemented policy
packages can be given a political explanation. The main political “room of
manoeuvring” is created by combining issue-areas into various policy packages.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe
.
Sortir du chômage en Île-de-France : disparités territoriales, spatial mismatch
et ségrégation résidentielle,
E. Duguet, Y. L’horty et F. Sari,
Centre d’études de l’emploi,
Noisy-le-Grand, Document de travail, n° 97.1, avril, 46 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary
:
L’objet de
cette étude est d’expliquer les disparités intercommunales des chances de sortir
du chômage dans la région Île-de-France. Partant du fichier historique
statistique de l’ANPE, on estime des modèles de durée de chômage qui permettent
d’évaluer les chances de sortir du chômage dans chaque commune de la région. On
analyse dans un premier temps les disparités spatiales des sorties « brutes » du
chômage en Île-de-France, telles qu’elles ressortent des statistiques non
retravaillées et dans un deuxième temps les disparités nettes, en raisonnant
toutes choses égales par ailleurs, comme si chaque localité avait la même
structure par âge, sexe et qualification que celle de la région. On constate
globalement que les disparités locales sont très fortes d’une commune à l’autre,
quel que soit l’indicateur que l’on retient pour estimer ces disparités. La
durée locale du chômage dessine une courbe en U en fonction de la distance au
centre de Paris. Les écarts d’une localité à l’autre restent globalement très
élevés lorsque l’on neutralise les différences de structure par âge, sexe et
qualification ce qui confirme l’existence d’un effet spécifique du territoire.
Nous testons la pertinence des arguments théoriques développés dans le cadre de
l’économie spatiale pour expliquer les écarts de taux de sortie du chômage. Il
apparaît que les demandeurs d’emplois franciliens souffrent davantage d’effets
de ségrégation que de problèmes de distance physique à l’emploi, sauf pour les
communes les plus en marge de la région.
.
Documents de travail, n° 97-2 à 97-22
Sortir du
chômage en Alsace, en Aquitaine, en Auvergne, en Basse-Normandie, en Bourgogne,
en Bretagne, dans la région Centre, en Champagne-Ardenne, en Corse, en
Franche-Comté, en Haute-Normandie, en Languedoc-Roussillon, en Limousin, en
Lorraine, en Midi-Pyrénées, dans le Nord-Pas-de-Calais, en Provence-Alpes-Côte
d’Azur, dans les Pays de la Loire, en Picardie, en Poitou-Charentes,
en Rhône-Alpes
Ces études évaluent les disparités intercommunales des
chances de sortir du chômage. C'est une recherche dont l’objet est de mesurer
les disparités territoriales des sorties du chômage à un niveau géographique
très fin, celui de la commune ou du code postal
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : France
.
Tax-free income vs. in-work tax credits : Effects on labour market
participation, P. Pashardes and A. Polycardou,
Economics Research Centre,
Nicosia, Economic analysis papers, n° 01-08, March, 19 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary :
The purpose of this paper is to
investigate the effect of two alternative tax policies, high tax-free income and
in-work tax credits, on labour market participation rate. In particular, we
study the extent to which a generous tax-free labour income can be more
effective for raising employment than in-work benefits. For this, we use Cyprus
data to estimate the labour market participation decisions of individuals and a
tax-benefit model to simulate two revenue equivalent tax regimes: a system with
in-work tax credits and low tax-free income; and a system without in-work tax
credits but a high tax-free income. We also compute and compare the labour
market participation rates among groups with policy interest, such as older
workers and women, under the two regimes.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Chypre / Cyprus
REVENU - INCOME
.
Labor supply modeling in Italy when a minimum income scheme is an option,
E. Narazani and I. Shima,
Centre for Household, Income, Labour and Demographic
economics, Torino, Working paper, n° 2, 27
p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary :
In this
paper we analyze the effects of Minimum Guaranteed Income (MGI) schemes on labor
supply by applying a behavioral micro-simulation tax-benefit model. The database
used in this study is composed of Italian households during the year 1998,
extracted from Bank of Italy’s SHIW1998. The Tax-Benefit Model applied is the
static micro-simulation model of EUROMOD. A household labor supply model is
simulated with different tax rules where MGI is an option. The simulated tax
regimes are Negative Income Tax (NIT), Workfare Tax (WF) and Universal Basic
Income (UBI). These exercises of behavioral micro simulation tax-benefit are
performed at national and regional level. Our main finding is that changes in
labor supply due to these tax-transfer rules are small and this is in favor of
such income support policies. Concerning tax-transfer rules without hours
constraint, such as UBI and NIT, they imply labor disincentives more in the
South than in the North of the country, and the effect is amplified with the
increase of generosity level. Considering the welfare effects of these
taxtransfer rules, we find that there are more “winners” than “losers” in the
south than in the north as there are more households participating in these MGI
schemes due to their low income status.
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Italie / Italy
.
New data show income concentration rose again in 2006,
A. Aron-Dine,
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Washington, March, 3 p.,
Updated series, (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Etats-Unis / United States
.
Public sector pay gap in France : New evidence using panel data,
O. Bargain and B. Melly,
Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, IZA
discussion paper, n°3427, April, 20 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary : We estimate the public
wage gap in France for the period 1990-2002, both at the mean and at different
quantiles of the wage distribution, for men and women separately. We account for
unobserved heterogeneity by using fixed effects estimations on panel data and,
departing from usual practice, allow the public wage markup to vary over time.
We also provide one of the very first applications of fixed effects quantile
regressions. Contrary to common belief, results convey that monetary returns are
not fundamentally different in the public sector. Firstly, public wage ‘premia’
(for women) or ‘penalties’ (for men) are essentially the result of selection.
After controlling for unobserved heterogeneity, only small pay differences
between sectors remain over time, reflecting fluctuations due to specific public
policies and to the pro-cyclicality of private sector wages. The long-term
difference is essentially zero. Secondly, the relative compression of the wage
distribution by the public sector is also partly due to unobserved
characteristics. The most natural explanation for these results is that the
civil sector manages to attract better workers in the lower part of the
distribution, in part because of non-monetary gains (including job protection),
but fails to retain the most productive ones at the top.
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : France
.
Pulling apart : A State-by-state analysis of income trends,
J. Bernstein, E. McNichol and A. Nicholas,
Center on
Budget and Policy Priorities, Washington, 74 p., (2008)
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Etats-Unis / United States
.
Striking it richer : the evolution of top incomes in
the United States (Update using 2006 preliminary estimates),
E. Saez, University of California,
Department of Economics, Berkeley, March, 9 p.,
Updated series,
(2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Etats-Unis / United States
.
Top incomes and earnings in Portugal 1936-2004,
F. Alvaredo,
Paris-Jourdan-Sciences
économiques, Paris, Working paper, n° 2008-17, 66
p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary :
This paper analyzes income and earnings concentration in Portugal from a longrun
perspective using personal income and wage tax statistics. Our results suggest
that income concentration was much higher during the 1930s and early 1940s than
it is today. Top income shares estimated from reported incomes deteriorated
during the Second World War, even if Portugal did not take active participation
in the conflict. However, the magnitude of the drop was less important than in
other European countries. The level of concentration between 1950 and 1970
remained relatively high compared to countries such as Spain, France, UK or the
United States. The decrease in income concentration, started very moderately at
the end of the 1960s and which accelerated after the revolution of 1974, began
to be reversed during the first half of the 1980s. During the last fifteen years
top income shares have increased steadily. The rise in wage concentration
contributed to this process in a significant way. The evidence since 1989
suggests that the level of marginal tax rate at the top has not been the primary
determinant of the level of top reported incomes. Marginal rates have stayed
constant in a context of growing top shares.
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Portugal
AUTRES DONNEES SOCIALES - OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES
.
Les difficultés de logement des bénéficiaires de minima
sociaux, D. Nivière, M. Marpsat et É.
Renard,
Drees, Paris, Études et résultats, n° 630,
mars, 4 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary : Un quart des bénéficiaires du revenu minimum
d’insertion (RMI), de l’allocation de parent isolé (API) ou de l’allocation de
solidarité spécifique (ASS) ne disposent pas de leur propre logement : ils sont
hébergés par des proches ou occupent un logement prêté, vivent en hôtel, dans
une habitation mobile, ou sont sans domicile. Le logement social joue un rôle
primordial pour les autres : la moitié d’entre eux y résident à la mi-2006.
Parmi ceux qui vivent dans un logement autonome, près de la moitié ne disposent
pas de tout le confort sanitaire de base, ou occupent un logement surpeuplé, ou
jugent leur chauffage insuffisant ou leur logement en mauvais état. Plus de la
moitié de ceux qui doivent payer un loyer ou rembourser un emprunt rencontrent
des difficultés à le faire. Une proportion croissante d’allocataires juge ces
difficultés insurmontables. La mobilité résidentielle est importante puisqu’un
quart des bénéficiaires d’un des trois minima sociaux sont arrivés dans leur
logement il y a moins de deux ans. Dans plus d’un tiers des cas, ce déménagement
a été contraint.
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : France
.
Education and training for TANF recipients : Opportunities and challenges
under the final rule,
E. Lower-Basch,
Centre for Law and Social Policy,
Washington, March, 9 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Etats-Unis / United States
.
The emerging aversion to inequality. Evidence from Poland
1992-2005, I. Grosfeld and C. Senik
Paris-Jourdan Sciences économiques,
Paris, Document, n° 2008-19, April, 38 p.,
(2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Pologne / Poland
.
In the beginning there was social policy : Developments in social policy in
the European Union from 1972 through 2008, J. T. Addison,
The Rimini Centre
for Economic Analysis, Rimini, WP 08-08, 28 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary :
This paper argues that the evolution of social policy – vulgo: labor market
mandates – in the European Union seems to follow a set path. Intervals of
activism have been followed by challenges and checks to its development, but
Treaty innovations (inter al.) have provided the impetus for further activism.
The classic and first case in point was the Single European Act (1976), which
presaged a new bout of legislation by widening the reach of qualified majority
voting. The next was Maastricht, or the Treaty on European Union (1991) and the
Agreement on Social Policy, which for the first time established a firm basis
for social policy. An intermediate but instructive step was passage of the
Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) which formally incorporated the latter into the main
body of the treaty rather than leaving it as a Protocol appended to the treaty,
The most recent instance is the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe,
which was to morph into the Reform (or Lisbon) Treaty of December 2007. This
agreement portends more fundamental reforms for two reasons. First, it implies
new legislation in the area of labor relations (issues such as pay determination,
the rights to strike/lockout, and the right of association) previously expressly
excluded from social policy. Second, it will test some member states applying
European law, which means that theoretical opt outs may be just that. And, if
history is any guide, there will be subsequent consolidation to bring the labor
standards set under legislation into line with European Court of Justice
decisions and a further ratchetingup of standards.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe
.
Où en est la convergence des économies de la zone euro ?,
C. De Lucia,
BNP Paribas, Paris,
Conjoncture, mars, 21 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe
.
Panorama de l’accès aux soins de ville des bénéficiaires
de la CMU complémentaire en 2006, B.
Boisguerin et S. Pichetti,
Drees, Paris, Études et résultats, n° 629,
mars, 4 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary : Les débats relatifs aux difficultés d’accès aux soins
d’une partie des bénéficiaires de la CMU complémentaire, qui se sont noués en
2007, ont conduit la DREES à engager, en collaboration avec la CNAMTS et l’IRDES,
une étude sur les conditions d’accueil de ces assurés sociaux par différentes
catégories de professionnels de santé. Cette étude a privilégié une approche
géographique fine par zone d’emploi qui permet de neutraliser l’inégale
répartition des bénéficiaires de la CMU sur le territoire. Les médecins
généralistes accueillent une part plus élevée de personnes couvertes par la CMU
que les spécialistes ou les dentistes. Les disparités d’accueil entre
professionnels font également apparaître que les généralistes et les dentistes
les plus accueillants reçoivent trois fois plus de patients affiliés à la CMU
que leurs confrères. Plus généralement, les professionnels inscrits en
secteur I accueillent une part plus importante de bénéficiaires de la CMU que
ceux inscrits en secteur II avec dépassement d’honoraires. Enfin, l’accueil des
bénéficiaires de la CMU se concentre d’autant plus sur une fraction des
généralistes que la densité médicale et le nombre d’affiliés à la CMU sont
importants.
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : France
.
Promoting achievement, valuing success : a strategy for
14-19 qualifications,
Department for Children, Schools and Families,
London, March, 51 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom
.
La riforma del welfare.
Dieci anni dopo la «Commissione
Onofri». La politica sociale per la casa : una comprensibile sottovalutazione,
M. Baldini,
CAPP, Centro di Analisi
delle Politiche Pubbliche, Modena, 8 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Italie / Italy