PAUVRETE - POVERTY
.
Keeping up or falling behind ? The impact of benefit and
tax uprating on incomes and poverty,
H. Sutherland,
Institute for Social and Economic Research, Colchester, Working paper,
n° 2008-18, May, 32 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary : Each
year, the Government decides how much to raise benefits and tax allowances. In
the UK the basis for these upratings is rarely debated, yet has major long-term
consequences for the relative living standards of different groups as well as
for the public finances. This paper considers the medium term implications of
present uprating policies which vary across parameters of the tax-benefit
system. Continuing for 20 years, other things staying the same, would result in
a near doubling of the child poverty rate alongside a substantial gain to the
public finances. At the same time pensioners are largely protected by the
earnings indexation of pensioner benefits and, in time, the basic state pension.
We show how difficult it will be to meet the UK child poverty targets unless the
greater inequality inherent in the current regime for uprating payments and
allowances is redressed.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume Uni / United Kingdom
.
More older Americans are poor than the offcial measure
suggests,
B. A Butrica and S. R. Zedlewski,
The
Urban Institute, Washington, The retirement
policy program, n° 15, May, 2 p., (2008)
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Etats-Unis / United States
.
Participation of mothers in government assistance programs
: 2004, J. Lawler Dye,
Census
Bureau, Washington, Household economic studies, n° 70-116, May, 16
p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Etats-Unis / United States
.
The social situation in the European Union 2007 : Social
cohesion through equal opportunities, European Commission,
Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities,Brussels,
April, 199p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe
.
Welfare reform in the United States : Implications for the
British social policy, J. Midgley with commentaries by K Stewart,
D. Piachaud and H. Glennerster,
Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, London, CASE/paper n° 131,
April, 57 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary
: Recent government pronouncements in the UK and above all
the recent Conservative Party (2008) policy document on welfare reform suggest
that US welfare reform is increasingly being taken as a model for the UK. What
lessons should the UK draw from US experience? The long established means tested
programme for needy families known as Aid to Families with Dependent Children
(AFDC) was replaced in 1996 with a welfare to work programme known as Temporary
Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). The historical background and features of
the new program are elaborated and the way it has been implemented in varied
ways in different states is documented. The findings of a number of outcome
studies assessing the programme’s impact and effectiveness are reviewed. Three
commentaries on the paper consider how far American experience should be a guide
to welfare policy in Britain.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States
.
Youth homelessness in the UK : A decade of progress ?,
D. Quilgars, S. Johnsen and N. Pleace,
Joseph Rowntree Foundation, London, May, 168
p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume Uni / United Kingdom
EMPLOI - EMPLOYMENT
.
Avis du coe
sur les conditions de la réussite du
rsa pour l’emploi,
Conseil d’Orientation de l’Emploi, Paris,
23 mai, 32 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : France
.
Derrière les diplômes et certifications, les parcours de formation et leurs
effets sur les parcours d'emploi. XVes journées d'étude sur les données
longitudinales dans l'analyse du marché du travail,
B. Cart et
alii, Céreq,
Marseille, Relief,
n° 24, mai, 483 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : France
.
Employment effects of welfare reforms : Evidence from a
dynamic structural life-cycle model, P.
Haan, V. Prowse and A. Uhlendorff,
Paris-Jourdan Sciences économiques,
Paris, Document de travail, n° 2008-225, April, 47 p. (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Allemagne / Germany
.
Fléxibilité interne et fléxibilité externe : complémentarité, substitution et
impact des 35 heures,
M. Bunel,
Centre d'études
de l'Emploi, Noisy-le-Grand,
Document de travail, n° 98, mai, 37 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France
.
Normes du Travail, migrations internes et emploi : une
analyse théorique, R. Bazillier,
Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, Paris,
Documents de
Travail, n° 34, mars, 36 p., (2008).
Résumé :
Cet article vise à déterminer l'impact de
la mise en place de normes de travail sur le niveau de dualisme, d'emploi et de
salaire dans le secteur traditionnel et dans le secteur moderne. Contrairement
aux idées reçues, nous montrons que le renforcement du dualisme lié à
l'amélioration des normes dans le secteur formel n'a rien d'automatique. Sous
certaines conditions, notamment liées à l'impact des normes sur la productivité,
au niveau initial de normes et au rapport capital-travail, l'amélioration des
normes peut améliorer l'emploi dans le secteur formel, réduire le poids relatif
du secteur traditionnel et augmenter le salaire dans ce secteur. Nous étudions
également les effets des normes lorsqu'elles constituent une incitation
supplémentaire à migrer. Nous montrons que cela peut créer une pression à la
hausse sur le chômage urbain si l'écart entre les conditions de travail dans les
deux secteurs est trop importante.
Summary :
The goal of this paper is
to determine the impact of the settings of labour standards on the level of
dualism, employment and wages. Contrary to the "conventional wisdom", we show
that the reinforcement of dualism due to the improvement of labour standards is
not automatic. Under certain assumptions (impact of labour standards on
productivity, initial level of labour standards and ratio capital/labour), the
improvement of labour standards can improve employment in the formal sector,
reduce the relative weight of traditional sector and increase the wage in this
sector. We also study the effects of labour standards when these standards
creates an additional incentive to migrate. We show that it can create a upward
pressure on the level of urban unemployment if the gap between working
conditions in the two sector is too large.
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : none
.
Quarterly EU labour market review : Spring 2008,
European Commission, Brussels, 14 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe
.
Les réformes Hartz des politiques de l'emploi : Instrument
ou reflet de la normalisation du marché du travail ?, O. Giraud
et A. Lechevalier,
Ifri, Paris, Note du Cerfa, n° 54, avril, 20p.,
(20008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne / Germany
REVENU - INCOME
.
Geographical income polarization : House prices and labour
market linkages,
M. A. Hussain and A. Bruun Jonassen,
The Danish National Institute for Social Research,
Copenhagen, Working paper, n°06:2008, 27 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary : In this paper
we estimate the degree, composition and development of geographical income
polarization based on data at the individual and municipal level in Denmark from
1984 to 2002. Rising income polarization is reconfirmed when applying new
polarization measures, the driving force being greater inter municipal income
inequality. Counter factual simulations show that rising property prices to a
large part explain the rise in polarization. One side-effect of polarization is
tendencies towards a parallel polarization of residence location patterns, where
low skilled individuals tend to live in cheaper areas, and highly skilled
individuals in more expensive areas. This may threaten cohesion in the
comprehensive universal welfare state of Denmark.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Danemark / Denmark
.
Social inclusion and income distribution in the European
Union : 2007,
Coordinated by Applica,
European Observatory on the Social Situation,
Brussels, 312 p.,
Executive summary,
14 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe
.
Sticky wages : Evidence from quarterly microeconomic
data,
T.
Heckel, H. Le Bihan et J. Montornes,
European Central Bank,
Frankfurt-am-Main, Working paper series, n° 893, May, 56 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France
.
Would a legal minimum wage reduce poverty ? A microsimulation study of Germany,
K-U. Müller and V. Steiner,
Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, IZA
discussion paper, n° 3491, May, 35 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary :
In view of rising wage inequality
and increasing poverty, the introduction of a legal minimum wage has recently
become an important policy issue in Germany. We analyze the distributional
effects of the introduction of a nationwide legal minimum wage of € 7.5 per hour
on the basis of a microsimulation model which accounts for the complex
interactions between individual wages, the tax-benefit system and net household
incomes. Simulation results show that the minimum wage would be rather
ineffective in reducing poverty, even if it led to a substantial increase in
hourly wages at the bottom of the wage distribution and had no negative
employment effects. The ineffectiveness of a minimum wage in Germany is mainly
due to the existing system of means-tested income support
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Allemagne / Germany
AUTRES DONNEES SOCIALES - OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES
.
Age of selection counts : a cross-country comparison of
educational institutions,
D. Horn,
Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung,
Mannheim, Working papers, n° 107, 30 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary : In this paper I combine a theoretically developed
construction of the school to work transition literature, namely the
stratification and standardization dimensions of the education system, and the
more data oriented inequality of opportunity research of the economics of
education. I collect several possible indicators for both dimensions to compare
the countries: utilizing the PISA 2003 data and some other OECD sources I run
multilevel analysis to test the effect of the collected country level
stratification and standardization indicators on the inequality and on the
effectiveness of education. Inequality of opportunity is indicated by the size
of the parental background effect on the PISA literacy scores, while
effectiveness is the literacy score adjusted for parental background and other
individual characteristics. The results show that stratification associates
strongly and positively with the inequality of educational opportunity, while
standardization in general seems to enhance equality. I reject that
stratification would increase effectiveness, and the association between
standardization and effectiveness is not straightforward. The most robust
finding of the study is that the early age of selection links closely with high
inequality of opportunity
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Pays de l'OCDE / OECD countries
.
L'approche par les capabilités d'Amartya Sen, une voie
nouvelle pour le socialisme libéral, A. Bertin,
GREThA, Bordeaux, Cahiers du GREThA, n°
2008-09, 17 p., (2008).
Résumé :
En confrontant les idées du
‘nouveau libéralisme’ anglo-saxon du XIXème siècle avec l’approche par les
capabilités proposée par Sen, l’objectif de cet article est de montrer que cette
dernière peut constituer une nouvelle voie pour le socialisme libéral.
Conjuguant le respect d’une liberté inconditionnelle et la recherche d’une
égalité réelle, Sen grâce à l’approche par les capabilités, propose un cadre
revivifiant à la théorie de la justice.
Summary :
The goal of this paper is to
show that Amartya Sen’s idea can be rooted in the socialliberal paradigm.
Combining the respect of an unconditional freedom and the research of a real
equality, Sen, thanks to the Capability Approach, proposes a framework for a new
theory of justice.
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : none
.
Back on track : A strategy for modernising alternative
provision for young people,
Department for Children, Schools and Families,
London, May, 71 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume Uni / United Kingdom
.
Improving education outcomes in
Germany,
D. Carey,
OCDE,
Paris, Economics
department
working paper, n°
611, May, 49 p.,
(2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Allemagne / Germany
. The Nordic models : solutions to Continental Europe’s problems?,
Center for European Studies, Harvard,
Conference papers, May 9-10, (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe
.
Public pensions and intra-eu mobility: an unfinished agenda,
R.
Fenge and J. Von Weizsäcker,
Bruegel, Bruxelles, Working paper, n° 2, May,
47 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe
.
La vie des femmes et des hommes en Europe : un portrait
statistique,
Eurostat, Luxembourg, 252 p., (2008).
English version
: "The life of women and men in Europe : A statistical portrait"
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Europe