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PAUVRETE - POVERTY

. Capability and income poverty in the United States : A comparative analysis of the measurement outcomes and poverty profiles between 1994 and 2004, U. R. Wagle, National Poverty Center, Ann Arbor, NPC working paper, n° 08-09, June, 38 p., (2008).

Résumé - Summary : Shifting focus from income to capability deprivation signifies an important milestone toward accurately measuring poverty. I operationalize capability deprivation in the United States and compare poverty measurement outcomes among various capability approaches and between capability and income spaces. Of the three capability approaches examined, the factor score absolute approach suggests a greater extent of poverty and more comprehensive demographic profiles of the poor. Additionally, I find that using the capability space may further attenuate the extent of poverty over those using the income space and alter somewhat the stereotypical profiles of the poor.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States

. Measuring poverty in the United States, N. K. Cauthen and S. Fass, National Center for Children in Poverty, New York, June, 4 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States

. La mesure de la pauvreté et de l'exclusion sociale : Quels indicateurs ?, Sénat, Paris, Les documents du Sénat, série : études économiques, juin, 67 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Tackling low income and deprivation : developing effective policies, T. Callan and alii, The Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin, Research series, n° 1, June, 196 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Irlande / Ireland

EMPLOI - EMPLOYMENT

. La dispense de recherche d’emploi fin 2005 : 5,9 % des 55-64 ans, A-J. Bessone, J. Labarthe et R. Merlier, Dares, Paris, Premières informations, n° 28.3, juillet, 6 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Do unemployment benefits increase unemployment ? New evidence on an old question, P. Fredriksson and M. Söderström, Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation, Uppsala, IFAU working paper, n° 2008-15, 42 p., (2008).

Résumé - Summary : We examine the relationship between unemployment benefits and unemployment using Swedish regional data. To estimate the effect of an increase in unemployment insurance (UI) on unemployment we exploit the ceiling on UI benefits. The benefit ceiling, coupled with the fact that there are regional wage differentials, implies that the generosity of UI varies regionally. More importantly, the actual generosity of UI varies within region over time due to variations in the benefit ceiling. We find fairly robust evidence suggesting that the actual generosity of UI does matter for regional unemployment. Increases in the actual replacement rate contribute to higher unemployment as suggested by theory. We also show that removing the wage cap in UI benefit receipt would reduce the dispersion of regional unemployment. This result is due to the fact that low unemployment regions tend to be high wage regions where the benefit ceiling has a greater bite. Removing the benefit ceiling thus implies that the actual generosity of UI increases more in low unemployment regions.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Suède /Sweden

. L’employabilité des jeunes issus de l’enseignement professionnel initial du second degré, E. Besson, Secrétariat d’état chargé de la Prospective, de l’évaluation des politiques publiques et du développement de l’économie numérique, Paris, juillet, 96 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Evaluation qualitative des expérimentations d’accompagnement renforcé des demandeurs d’emploi, T. Capelier et R. Mizrahi, ANPE/Dares/Unédic, Paris, L'accompagnement renforcé des demandeurs d'emploi, n° 2, juin, 4 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Le RSA, une voie d'insertion dans le monde salarial ?, Centre d'études économiques et sociales du groupe ALPHA, Paris, Document de travail, juillet, 7 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Why has unemployment risen ? Insights from labor force flows, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, Issues in labor statistics, June, 3 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States

REVENU - INCOME

. L'accès au Revenu de solidarité active. Etude sur l'accès au RSA des bénéficiaires de l'ASS et de l'ARE, ANSA, Paris, Les contributions, n° 7, juin, 71 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Explaining the gender wealth gap in Germany, E. M. Sierminska, J. R. Frick and M. M. Grabka, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, IZA discussion paper, n° 3573, June, 47 p., (2008).

Résumé - Summary : Welfare-oriented analyses of economic outcome measures such as income and wealth generally rest on the assumption of pooled and equally shared resources among all household members. Yet the lack of individual-level data hampers the distribution of income and wealth within the household context. Based on unique individual-level wealth data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), this paper challenges the implicit assumption of internal redistribution by considering an alternative definition of the aggregation unit and by controlling its effect on distribution and inequality analysis. We find empirical evidence for a significant gender wealth gap of about 30,000 euros in Germany, which amounts to almost 50,000 euros for married partners. Decomposition analyses reveal that this gap is mostly driven by differences in characteristics between men and women, the most important factor being the individual’s own income and labor market experience, and particularly so at the bottom and top of the wealth distribution. However, this finding can only be shown with nonparametric decomposition techniques. Differences for those in the middle of the distribution appear to be mostly driven by the wealth function, i.e., the way in which women transform their characteristics into wealth.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne / Germany

. A minimum income standard to Britain : What people think, J. Bradshaw and alii, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, London, July, 58 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom

. The motherhood wage penalty in a Mediterranean country : The case of Spain, J. A. Molina and V. M. Montuenga, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, IZA discussion paper, n° 3574, June, 35 p., (2008).

Résumé - Summary : We present evidence for the motherhood wage penalty in Spain as a representative Southern European Mediterranean country. We use the European Community Household Panel (ECHP, 1994-2001) to estimate, from both pool and fixed-effects methods, a wage equation in terms of observed variables and other non-observed individual characteristics. The empirical results confirm that there is clear evidence of a wage penalty for Spanish working women with children. Specifically, the fact that there is a birth in the family during the current year means that the woman loses 9% of her wage. We also find that having one child living in the household means a significant loss in wages of 6%, having two children, almost 14%, and having three or more, more than 15%.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Espagne / Spain

. On gender gaps and self-fulfilling expectations : Theory, policies and some empirical evidence, S. de la Rica, J. J. Dolao and C. Garcia-Penalosa, Fedea, Madrid, Documento de trabajo, n° 2008-23, June, 38 p., (2008).

Résumé - Summary : This paper considers a simple model of self-fulfilling expectations that leads to a multiple equilibrium of gender gaps in wages and participation rates. Rather than resorting to moral hazard problems related to unobservable effort, like in most of the related literature, our model fully relies on statistical discrimination. If firms believe that women will quit their jobs more often than equally productive men when shocks affecting household chores take place, our model predicts that this belief will increase the wage gap in favour of men which, in turn, will increase the female share of housework and exacerbate lower female participation in the labour market. Hence, both effects lead to a gendered equilibrium with large gaps, even though an ungendered equilibrium with no gaps is feasible. We examine the effects of gender-based and gender-neutral subsidies and find that the latter are more effective in removing the gendered equilibrium. Empirical analysis based on a time use survey for Spain is provided to test most of the implications of the model

Résumé - Resumen : Este artículo presenta un modelo sencillo de auto-cumplimiento de expectativas que genera equilibrios múltiples de diferenciales salariales y de participación laboral por género. El modelo se construye en un contexto de discriminación estadística en lugar de en un contexto de riesgo moral debido a la no observabilidad del esfuerzo, como la mayoría de la literatura relacionada con el tema. Si las empresas creen que entre hombres y mujeres igualmente productivos, ante un shock que afecta a las tareas del hogar las mujeres abandonan sus puestos de trabajo más a menudo que los hombres, el modelo predice que en equilibrio se produce un aumento en el diferencial salarial a favor de los hombres y un descenso en la participación laboral de las mujeres. Ambos efectos conducen a un equilibrio diferenciado por género, aunque la existencia de un equilibrio no diferenciado es también posible. Se examinan los efectos de subsidios diferenciados y neutrales por género y los resultados sugieren que los últimos son más efectivos para eliminar el equilibrio diferenciado por género. El análisis empírico basado en la Encuesta de Uso del Tiempo para España aporta evidencia a favor de algunas de las implicaciones del modelo
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Espagne / Spain

AUTRES DONNEES SOCIALES - OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES

. The diploma : A disaster waiting to happen ?, A. Smithers and P. Robinson, Centre for Education and Employment Research, Buckingham, June, 45 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom

. L'expérimentation sociale des incitations financières à l'emploi : questions méthodologiques et leçons des expériences nord-américaines, G. Allègre, OFCE, Paris, Document de travail, n° 2008-22, juillet, 37 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis, Canada / United States, Canada

. La formation professionnelle au coeur des politiques de développement, Agence française de Développement, Paris, Actes de la conférence GEFOP, 12 novembre 2007 à l'Unesco, Notes et documents, n° 41, 241 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Pays en voie de développement / Developing countries

. Forces et faiblesses de la démographie américaine face à l'Europe, G. Pison, Ined, Paris, Population et sociétés, n° 446, juin, 4 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis, Europe / United States, Europe

. Why educated mothers don't make educated children?, C. Pronzato, Centre for Household, Income, Labour and Demographic economics, Torino, Working paper, n° 8, March, 24 p., (2008).

Résumé - Summary : More educated parents are observed to have better educated children. From a policy point of view, however, it is important to distinguish between causation and simple selection. Researchers trying to control for unobserved ability have found conflicting results: in most cases, they have found a strong positive paternal effect but a negligible maternal effect. In this paper, I evaluate the impact on the robustness of the estimates of the characteristics of the samples commonly used in this strand of research: samples of small size, with low variability in parental education, not randomly selected from the population.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : none