PAUVRETE - POVERTY
.
Addressing in-work poverty,
R. Kenway,
Joseph Rowntree Foundation,
London, November, 31 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom
.
Ending child poverty : "Thinking 2020",
G. Cooke and alii,
Department for Work and Pensions, London, Working paper,
n° 56, October, 78 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom
.
Familles, enfance et pauvreté.
Statistiques d’accueil 2007,
Secours catholique, Paris, 36 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : France
.
Modelling poverty transitions in Spain : Do attrition and initial conditions
really matter ?,
S. Ayllon, CEPS /
INSTEAD, Luxembourg, IRISS working paper, n° 2008-08, October, 36
p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary :
The availability of panel data has
allowed a comprehensive description of poverty exits and entries in Spain.
However, most of the literature, so far, has ignored or not explicitly modelled
the process of sample attrition and / or the initial conditions problem we face
when studying poverty dynamics with survey data. The main objective of this work
is to assess whether attrition and poverty status in the base year are
endogenous processes to poverty transitions through unobserved heterogeneity.
Our estimation follows the model recently proposed by Cappellari and Jenkins
(2004a) and uses Maximum Likelihood Simulation techniques. Data is from the
European Community Household Panel and refers to poverty transitions that take
place between 1994 and 2000 in Spain. Results show that unobservables affecting
initial conditions and sample retention are exogenous to those related with
poverty transience. Yet, results prove to be sensitive to the choice of the
poverty line.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Espagne / Spain
.
La povertà relativa in Italia nel 2007,
Istat,
Roma, novembre, 10 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Italie / Italy
.
Poverty policy,
S. Torjman,
Caledon Institute of Social Policy, Ottawa, October, 36 p.,
(2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Canada
.
Rethinking the safety net : gaps and instability in help for the working poor,
S. W. Allard,
Institute for Research on Poverty, Madison, Focus, vol. 26, n° 1,
Summer-Fall, 6 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Etats-Unis / United States
EMPLOI - EMPLOYMENT
.
Do Austrian men and women become more equal ? At least in terms of labor
supply !,
G. Wernhart and R. Winter-Ebmer,
Austrian Institute for Family
Studies, Vienna, Working paper, n° 71, October, 18 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary :
We study the development of wage elasticity of labor supply for Austrian men and
women over time using comparable and representative survey data for the 1980s
and 1990s. The elasticity of men is relatively low and constant over time,
similar to the behavior of single women. Most remarkable is the almost
continuous reduction in the labor supply reactions of married women: while their
elasticity was still several times larger at the beginning of the 1980s, they
approached rapidly the much less elastic behaviour of men. These developments
are important for the analysis of deadweight losses of taxation as well as the
effects of tax reforms and wage subsidy programs
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Autriche / Austria
.
Les effets de la parenté sur l'emploi, L. Maron et D. Meulders,
Dulbea,
Bruxelles, Document de travail, n° 28-21.RS, octobre, 49 p., (2008).
Résumé :
Ce papier a pour objectif d'analyser l'impact de la présence de jeunes enfants
sur l'emploi des parents et leur implication en termes d'heures de travail et de
continuité dans l'emploi dans 24 pays européens. Les résultats montrent que la
maternité a un effet négatif important sur l'emploi des femmes en termes de
temps partiel et d'inactivité dans une série de pays. En ce qui concerne les
pères, les résultats sont indéterminés et diffèrent sensiblement d'un pays à un
autre. En général, la paternité augmente la probabilité d'emploi mais n'a pas
d'effet significatif sur le nombre d'heures de travail.
Summary : In this paper, we study the impact of the presence of young
children on parents' labour market participation and employment patterns and
their implication in terms of working hours and employment continuity in 24
European countries. The results show that motherhood has an important and
negative impact on female labour market participation both in terms of part-time
and inactivity in some countries. The fatherhood effect is not clear and very
different through countries. In general, paternity increases the employment's
probability but has no significant effect on the number of working hours
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe
.
Employment gender gap in the EU is narrowing : labour
market trends 2000-2007, F. Ramb,
Eurostat, Luxembourg, Statistics in focus,
population and social conditions, n° 99/2008, 8 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe
.
Femmes au travail : Les voies de l'égalité,
Fondation européenne pour l'Amélioration des Conditions de Vie et de Travail,
Dublin, note d'information, novembre, 13 p., (2008).
English version
: "Women at work : paths to
equality"
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe
.
Job quality in Europe, J. Leschke and A. Watt,
European Trade Union
Institute, Brussels, Working paper, n° 2008-7, 42 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe
REVENU - INCOME
.
Does inequality rise
from above or from below ? Understanding income skewness trends in 16 OECD
countries : 1985-2005,
H. Scholtz,
Luxembourg Income Study, Luxembourg, LIS
working paper, n° 504, October, 22 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary :
Advanced industrial democracies experience increasing inequalities or at least a
new trade-off between equality and growth: liberal welfare states opted for
growth and accepted rising inequality, while conservative welfare states tried
to hold back inequality, thereby accepting lower growth, and only the social
democratic welfare states were partly able to overcome that trade-off. The rise
in inequality is widely interpreted with regard to globalization and
technological change. This paper contrasts this interpretation with an
alternative based on the argumentation of Kuznets’ inverted U-turn which is
individually reformulated as the diffusion process of some qualification (which
remains unspecified throughout this paper). These two alternative mechanisms
which are identical with regard to inequality measured using the Gini
coefficient or the standard deviation of logged incomes, can be differentiated
through different trend expectations with regard to the skewness of income
distributions: In the globalization model, increasing inequality is accompanied
first by a fall and later-on by a rise in skewness, while the qualification
diffusion model shows the opposite sequence: rising to a maximum and falling
back later on. Due to their different position in the inequality-growth
trade-off, liberal and social democratic welfare states are assumed to be ahead
in this evolution, while conservative welfare states lagging behind. Based on
the Luxembourg Income Study, skewness estimations of logged monetary income
distributions form an unbalanced panel with 69 observations from 16 OECD
countries. A fixedeffects regression for the skewness time trend in conservative
welfare states and the trend difference for the two other welfare state groups
shows strong support for the qualification diffusion model.
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Pays de l'OCDE / OECD countries
.
Les écarts de salaire entre les hommes et les femmes en
2006 : des disparités persistantes, L.
Muller,
Dares, Paris, Premières synthèses, n° 44.5,
octobre, 12 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : France
.
The effects of labor market conditions on working time:
the US-EU experience,
C. Michelacci and J. Pijoan-Mas,
The Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis,
Rimini, Working paper, n° 08-28,
51 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area :
Etats-Unis, Europe / United States,
Europe
.
The effects of a minimum wage increase in a model with
multiple unemployment equilibria, J.
Beugnot,
Lameta, Montpellier, Document
de recherches, n° 2008-16, 22 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : none
.
The gender earnings gap inside a Russian firm : First
evidence from personel data, 1997 to 2002, T. Dohmen, H. Lehmann
and A. Zaiceva, Università degli Studi di Brescia,
Facoltà di Economia, Brescia,
XXIII
Convegno Nazionale di Economia del Lavoro, 11-12 settembre,
44 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Russie / Russia
.
Job mobility and the gender wage gap in Italy, E. del Bono and D. Vuri,
CESifo, Munich, CESifo working paper, n° 2435, October, 44 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary :
This paper investigates the way in which job
mobility contributes to the emergence of a gender wage gap in the Italian labour
market. We show that men experience higher wage growth than women during the
first 10 years of their career, and that this difference is particularly large
when workers move across firms. This gender mobility penalty is robust to the
inclusion of individual, job and firm characteristics, to different ways of
accounting for individual unobserved heterogeneity, and is mainly found for
voluntary job moves. Exploring the wage growth of job movers, we find that a
significant gender wage penalty emerges when workers move to larger firms. This
might be explained by the fact that bigger establishments offer jobs more highly
valued by women than men or that the relationship between job satisfaction and
firm size is less negative for women than men. Using data on job satisfaction,
we find evidence for the latter hypothesis as well as some indication that wages
and fringe benefits compensate for lower levels of job satisfaction in larger
firms, but that this is so only for men.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Italie / Italy
.
Minimum wage incidence : The case of Germany, A. Knabe and R. Schöb,
CESifo, Munich, CESifo working paper, n° 2432, October, 41 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary :
Using data from the 2006
wave of the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), this paper analyzes how a
minimum wage affects employment, wage inequality, public expenditures, and
aggregate income in the low-wage sector. It is shown that a statutory minimum
wage of EUR 7.50 per hour would cost 840,000 low-paid jobs and increases the
fiscal burden by about EUR 4 billion per year, while household income rises only
by EUR 1.1 billion per year. Poor households, i.e. those eligible for
Unemployment Benefits II, do not benefit from a minimum wage at all. Comparing
the effects of a minimum wage with different types of wage subsidies that
require the same additional public expenditures, the government can ensure more
favorable employment – depending on the subsidies’ incidence – and income
effects. Wage subsidies also allow a more equal income distribution than
statutory minimum wages. Combining a minimum wage with a wage subsidy, similar
to the French minimum wage system, is extremely costly while such a policy is
inferior to wage subsidies in all respects.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne / Germany
.
A note on between-groups
inequality with an application to genders, M. Monti and A. Santoro,
Econpubblica, Centre for Research on the Public Sector, Milan, Working paper, n°
135, October, 24 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary :
Existing methods of between-groups income inequality measurement are rather
uninformative if applied to genders since they are not sensitive to
discrimination. We introduce a Gini-based measure of between-genders inequality
which explicitly depends upon discrimination and we apply it to measure the
impact of a gender-based tax reform in Italy.
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Italie / Italy
.
Rapport technique du secrétariat sur les marges
disponibles pour l'évolution du coût salarial,
Conseil Central de l'Economie, Bruxelles, Rapport, novembre, 207 p.,
(2008)
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Belgique /
Belgium
.
Rational expectations and the puzzling no-effect of the
minimum wage,
S. Pinoli,
MPRA, Munich, October, 51 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary :
This paper argues that
expectations are an important element that need to be included into the analysis
of the effects of the minimum wage on employment. We show in a standard matching
model that these effects are higher the lower is the likelihood associated to the
minimum wage variation. This property also helps explaining the controversial
results found in the empirical literature. When the policy is anticipated, the
observed effect at the time of the actual variation is small and hard to identify.
The model is tested on Spanish data, taking advantage of the unexpected change
in the minimum wage following the election of Zapatero in 2004.
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : Espagne / Spain
.
La redistribution en 2007 et la réforme de l’impôt sur le
revenu et de la prime pour l’emploi
in
France : portrait social, É. Amar et alii,
Insee,
14 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : France
AUTRES DONNEES SOCIALES - OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES
.
La répartition des prélèvements obligatoires entre les
générations et la question de l’équité intergénérationnelle,
Conseil des prélèvements obligatoires,
La Documentation française, Paris, Rapport,
novembre, 451 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical
area : France
.
Tax-benefit revealed social preferences,
F. Bourguignon and A. Spadaro,
Euromod, Colchester, Euromod working paper,
n° EM9/08, October, 46 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary :
This paper inverts the usual logic of applied optimal
income taxation. It starts from the observed distribution of income before and
after redistribution and corresponding marginal tax rates. Under a set of
simplifying assumptions, it is then possible to recover the social welfare
function that would make the observed marginal tax rate schedule optimal. In
this framework, the issue of the optimality of an existing tax-benefit system is
transformed into the issue of the shape of the social welfare function
associated with that system and whether it satisfies elementary properties. This
method is applied to the French redistribution system with the interesting
implication that the French redistribution authority may appear, under some
plausible scenario concerning the size of the labor supply behavioral reactions,
non Paretian (e.g. giving negative marginal social weights to the richest class
of tax payers).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe