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PAUVRETE - POVERTY

. VI informe sobre exclusión y desarrollo social en España 2008, Fundacion Foessa, Madrid, noviembre, (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Espagne / Spain

. A comparison of the poverty impact of transfers, taxes and market income across five OECD countries, S. Bibi and J-Y. Duclos, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, IZA discussion paper, n° 3824, November, 26 p., (2008).

Résumé - Summary : This paper compares the poverty reduction impact of income sources, taxes and transfers across five OECD countries. Since the estimation of that impact can depend on the order in which the various income sources are introduced into the analysis, it is done by using the Shapley value. Estimates of the poverty reduction impact are presented in a normalized and un-normalized fashion, in order to take into account the total as well as the per dollar impacts. The methodology is applied to data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) database.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Pays de l'OCDE / OECD countries

. Rapport 2008 sur la pauvreté des enfants et des familles au Canada, Campagne 2000, Toronto, November, 6 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Canada

. Recession  could cause large increases in poverty and push millions into deep poverty, S. Parrott, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Washington, November, 15 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States

. Study on poverty and social exclusion in rural areas, Community action programme on social exclusion, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, European Commission, Brussels, 187 p.,  Country reports, (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. Testing for poverty dominance : An application to Canada, W-H. Chen and J-Y. Duclos, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, IZA discussion paper, n° 3829, November, 34 p., (2008).

Résumé - Summary : The paper proposes and applies statistical tests for poverty dominance that check for whether poverty comparisons can be made robustly over ranges of poverty lines and classes of poverty indices. This helps provide both normative and statistical confidence in establishing poverty rankings across distributions. The tests, which can take into account the complex sampling procedures that are typically used by statistical agencies to generate household-level surveys, are implemented using the Canadian Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) for 1996, 1999 and 2002. Although the yearly cumulative distribution functions cross at the lower tails of the distributions, the more recent years tend to dominate earlier years for a relatively wide range of poverty lines. Failing to take into account SLID’s sampling variability (as is sometimes done) can inflate significantly one’s confidence in ranking poverty. Taking into account SLID’s complex sampling design (as has not been done before) can also decrease substantially the range of poverty lines over which a poverty ranking can be inferred.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Canada

. Time and income poverty, T. Burchardt, Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, London, Case report, n° 57, November, 106 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom

. Working poor in the EU : an exploratory comparative analysis, G. Allègre, OFCE, Paris, Document de travail, n° 2008/35, November, 36 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

EMPLOI - EMPLOYMENT

. Des milieux sociaux au marché du travail : les questionnements sur la société française pendant quarante ans d’enquêtes "Formation et Qualification Professionnelle", O. Monso et L. Thévenot, Crest, Paris, Document de travail, n° 2008-20, 58 p., (2008).

 Résumé : Les enquêtes françaises sur la Formation et la Qualification Professionnelle examinent, de manière approfondie, le parcours de la personne interrogée dont elles reconstituent diverses étapes de l'histoire. Elles répondent à des interrogations très variées sur la société et son économie. Ayant été répétées six fois pendant quarante ans, elles offrent des données éclairant des évolutions sur une période relativement longue. Cependant les questionnements politiques ont eux-mêmes changé au cours de cette période, de même que les problématiques de recherche. Notre parcours aborde successivement cinq domaines thématiques qui trouvent place dans la biographie de la personne interrogée : ascendance sociale, passé migratoire, scolarité, formation continue, mobilité professionnelle. Pour chacun des domaines, nous mentionnons les évolutions marquantes du questionnaire, et tâchons d'aller au-delà en éclairant les raisons et le contexte de ces changements. Trois orientations générales très contrastées sont apparues au terme de l'analyse : l'ascendance et le milieu social ; la planification des ressources et les besoins de main-d'oeuvre par qualification ; la valorisation de ressources (capital humain notamment) sur le marché du travail. D’une orientation à l’autre, les préoccupations diffèrent en matières de politiques à évaluer, mais les écarts se manifestent aussi dans les cadres théoriques voire dans les disciplines mobilisées, ainsi que dans les méthodes de traitement des données et même, finalement, dans la définition de ce qui vaut comme fait scientifique.

Summary : The French Surveys on Training and Vocational Qualifications (Formation et Qualification Professionnelle) examine thoroughly the various stages in the course of the surveyed person whose history they are retracing. They yield answers to a variety of questions about society and economy. Having been repeated six times in forty years they supply data about the evolution over a relatively long period. During this time, however, the political considerations themselves have changed, as have the questions raised by research. This paper deals successively with five main fields of investigation: social ascent, migratory paths, schooling, vocational training, job mobility. For each field we stress the outstanding evolution of the questionnaire, and try to go further by highlighting the reasons and the context of these changes. By the end of this analysis three very different poles have appeared: upward mobility and social background, planning of workforce resources and needs by qualification, and valorization of resources (human capital in particular) on the job market. From one pole to another the concerns differ in terms of the policies to evaluate, but variations also occur in the theoretical frameworks, and even in the disciplines which are involved, as well as in the methods for using the data and, finally, in the definition of what can be considered scientific evidence.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Employment in Europe 2008, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, Brussels, October, 292 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. On mandatory activation of welfare receivers, M. Dahlberg, K. Johansson and E. Mörk, IFAU, Uppsala, IFAU working paper, n° 2008:24, 45 p., (2008).

Résumé - Summary : This paper investigates whether mandatory activation programs for welfare receivers have effects on welfare participation, employment and disposable income. In contrast to earlier studies we are able to capture both entry and exit effects. The empirical analysis makes use of a Swedish welfare reform in which the city districts in Stockholm gradually implemented mandatory activation programs for individuals on welfare. The reform is well suited for investigating effects of such programs for several reasons. First, the reform was not combined with any other policy instruments, like time limits or tax credits, making sure that we will capture effects of mandatory activation policies and nothing else. Second, the reform was initiated at different points of time in different city districts, which ease identification. Third, using data from city districts within a single local labor market we can control for confounding macro economic shocks. Overall, we find that mandatory activation of welfare receivers reduce overall welfare participation and increases employment. We also find that mandatory activation programs appear to work best for young people and for people born in non-Western countries. For disposable income, we do not find a statistically significant effect.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Suède / Sweden

. Revisions to the European working time directive : Recent Eurofound research, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin, Background paper, 21 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. Les services à la personne en 2006 : une croissance continue, A. Chol, Dares, Paris, Premières synthèses, n° 48.2, novembre, 8 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. La VAE en entreprise : une démarche collective qui soutient des projets individuels, D. Brochier et alii, Céreq, Marseille, Nef, n° 38,  novembre, 60 p., (2008).

Résumé - Summary : La loi de modernisation sociale du 17 janvier 2002 a doté les salariés d’un droit individuel à la validation des acquis de l’expérience (VAE), destiné à faciliter leurs mobilités sur le marché du travail et à sécuriser leurs parcours professionnels. Collectivement les acteurs de l’entreprise se sont saisis de ce nouveau droit (Accord national interprofessionnel, avenant interprofessionnel, accords de branche ou de groupes, etc.). Mais, sur le terrain, l’utilisation de la VAE comme un outil au service des politiques de ressources humaines reste encore assez marginale. Quels sont les ressorts des entreprises qui se sont lancées dans l’aventure ? Quels moyens ont-elles mobilisé et quelle place ont-elles laissé aux projets personnels de leurs salariés ? Telles sont les principales questions auxquelles les auteurs tentent de répondre dans ce travail qui exploite 15 monographies d’actions collectives réalisées en 2006-2007.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Who is confronted to insecure labor market histories? Some evidence based on French labor market transitions, M. Beffy,  É. Coudin et R. Rathelot, Insee, Paris, Document de travail de l’Insee, 48 p., (2008).

Résumé - Summary : Cette étude analyse les transitions sur le marché du travail entre quatre états : les périodes d’emploi stable, d’emploi instable, de chômage et d’inactivité. Le modèle utilisé repose sur un mélange de chaînes de Markov et permet de distinguer les individus dont les trajectoires sont confinées entre l’emploi instable et le non-emploi de ceux qui peuvent accéder à un emploi stable. Ceci nous permet de dénombrer et de caractériser en fonction de caractéristiques observables ces travailleurs qui n’accèderont jamais à l’emploi stable. L’estimation repose sur les données trimestrielles de l’enquête Emploi, de 2003 à 2006. Environ 5 % des 30-49 ans ont des trajectoires confinées entre des périodes d’emploi instable et des périodes de non-emploi et ne n’accèderont jamais à un emploi stable. Un très faible niveau d’éducation augmente les risques d’être confiné, habiter en ZUS également.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

REVENU - INCOME

. A living wage for Toronto, H. Mackenzie and J. Stanford, Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, Ottawa,  November, 28 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Canada

. Education and income inequality in the regions of the European Union, A. Rodriguez-Pose and V. Tselios, Spatial Economics Research Centre, London, SERC discussion paper, n° 11, November, 39 p., (2008).

Résumé - Summary : This paper provides an empirical study of the determinants of income inequality across regions of the EU. Using the European Community Household Panel dataset for 102 regions over the period 1995-2000, it analyses how microeconomic changes in human capital distribution affect income inequality for the population as a whole and for normally working people. The different static and dynamic panel data analyses conducted reveal that the relationship between income per capita and income inequality, as well as between a good human capital endowment and income inequality is positive. High levels of inequality in educational attainment are also associated with higher income inequality. The above results are robust to changes in the definition of income distribution and may be interpreted as a sign of the responsiveness of the EU labor market to differences in qualifications and skills. Other results indicate that population ageing, female participation in the labor force, urbanization, agriculture, and industry are negatively associated to income inequality, while unemployment and the presence of a strong financial sector positively affect inequality. Finally, income inequality is lower in social-democratic welfare states, in Protestant areas, and in regions with Nordic family structures.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. Interactions between private and public sector wages, A. Afonso and P. Gomes, European Central Bank, Frankfurt am Main, Working paper, n° 971, November, 57 p., (2008).

Résumé - Summary : We analyse the interactions between public and private sector wages per employee in OECD countries. We motivate the analysis with a dynamic labour market equilibrium model with search and matching frictions to study the effects of public sector employment and wages on the labour market, particularly on private sector wages. Our empirical evidence shows that the growth of public sector wages and of public sector employment positively affects the growth of private sector wages. Moreover, total factor productivity, the unemployment rate, hours per worker, and inflation, are also important determinants of private sector wage growth. With respect to public sector wage growth, we find that, in addition to some market related variables, it is also influenced by fiscal conditions this process and the first of its kind in postenlargement EU.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Pays de l'OCDE / OECD countries

. Minimum wages 2008, P. Regnard, Eurostat, Luxembourg, Statistics in focus, Population and social conditions, n° 105/2008, 8 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. Sweden : A minimum wage model in need of modification ?, P. Skedinger, Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, IFN working paper, n° 774, 33 p., (2008).

Résumé - Summary : Swedish minimum wages are not regulated by law, but subject to bargaining between employers and trade unions and form part of collective agreements. This paper provides an overview of the Swedish minimum wage system, its characteristics and effects on employment and wages, and also discusses the challenges to the model represented by increasing low-wage competition from new EU member states and the verdict in the Laval case, related to this process and the first of its kind in postenlargement EU.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Suède / Sweden

AUTRES DONNEES SOCIALES - OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES

. Demography report 2008 : Meeting social needs in an ageing society, Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, Brussels, Full report, plus annexes, November, 252 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. Les étudiants et leurs conditions de vie en Europe, R. Vourc'h et  S. Zilloniz, Observatoire national de la Vie étudiante, Paris, OVE infos, n° 20, novembre, 6 p., (2008).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe