PAUVRETE - POVERTY
.
What does it mean to be poor in a rich society ?,
R. Haveman,
La Follette School of Public Affairs, Madison,
Working paper, n° 2009-01, 31 p., (2009).
Zone géographique /
Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States
EMPLOI - EMPLOYMENT
.
Activation policies in Ireland, D. Grubb, S.
Singh and P. Tergeist,
OECD, Paris, OECD social, employment and migration
working paper, n° 75, January, 150 p., (2009).
Zone géographique /
Geographical area : Irlande / Ireland
.
Work, jobs and well-being across the millennium,
A. E. Clark,
Paris-Jourdan Sciences économiques, Paris,
Document de
travail, n° 2009-02,
43 p., (2009).
Résumé :
Nous faisons
appel à trois vagues de données de l’ISSP (1989, 1997 et 2005) afin de mesurer
l’évolution de la qualité de l’emploi. En premier lieu nous soulignons que le
chômage demeure l’une des causes les plus importantes des faibles niveaux de
bien-être. Ensuite, l’importance relative accordée par les individus aux divers
aspects du travail est restée plutôt stable dans le temps, bien qu’on note une
certaine tendance à accorder plus de poids aux domaines les plus « sociaux » :
les postes jugés utiles, et qui permettent d’aider les autres. Le principal
résultat de notre analyse est que la qualité de l’emploi a rebondi entre 1997 et
2005, après avoir chuté dans la première moitié des années 90. Selon certaines
estimations, la satisfaction au travail est plus élevée en 2005 qu’en 1989. En
dernier lieu, le pourcentage de travailleurs indépendants a légèrement diminué
selon les données de l’ISSP ; néanmoins, le nombre de travailleurs qui expriment
une préférence pour le travail indépendant est systématiquement trois ou quatre
fois plus important que le nombre de travailleurs effectivement indépendants.
Puisque les indépendants sont plus satisfaits de leur travail que les salariés,
une interprétation de ces faits est que les barrières à l’entrée au travail
indépendant sont devenues plus élevées.
Summary :
This paper
uses repeated cross-section data ISSP data from 1989, 1997 and 2005 to consider
movements in job quality. It is first underlined that not having a job when you
want one is a major source of low well-being. Second, job values have remained
fairly stable over time, although workers seem to give increasing importance to
the more “social” aspects of jobs: useful and helpful jobs. The central finding
of the paper is that, following a substantial fall between 1989 and 1997,
subjective measures of job quality have mostly bounced back between 1997 and
2005. Overall job satisfaction is higher in 2005 than it was in 1989. Last, the
rate of self-employment has been falling gently in ISSP data ; even so three to
four times as many people say they would prefer to be self-employed than are
actually self-employed. As the self-employed are more satisfied than are
employees, one consistent interpretation of the above is that the barriers to
self-employment have grown in recent years.
Zone géographique /
Geographical area : France
.
Gli stranieri nel mercato del lavoro. I dati della
rilevazione sulle forze di lavoro in un'ottica individuale e familiale,
Istat,
Roma, Argomenti, n° 36, 161 p., (2008).
Zone géographique /
Geographical area : Italie / Italy
REVENU - INCOME
.
Trends in the transitory
variance of male earnings in the U. S. : 1970-2004,
R. Moffitt and P.
Gottschalk,
National Poverty Center, Ann Arbor, Working paper, n° 09-01, January, 50 p.,
(2009).
Résumé - Summary :
We estimate the
trend in the transitory variance of male earnings in the U.S. using the Michigan
Panel Study of Income Dynamics from 1970 to 2004. Using both an error components
model as well as simpler but more approximate methods, we find that the
transitory variance increased substantially in the 1980’s and then remained at
this new higher level through 2004 We also find a strong cyclical component to
the transitory variance. Its increase accounts for between 30 and 65 percent of
the total rise in cross-sectional variance, depending on the time period. The
cross-sectional variance has recently increased but this reflects a rise in the
variance of the permanent component, not the transitory component. Increases in
transitory variance occurred for less educated in the early 1980s and for more
educated workers in the later 1980s and early 1990s.
Zone géographique /
Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States
.
Does the minimum wage
have a higher impact on the informal than on the formal labor market ? Evidence
from quasi-experiments,
M. Khamis,
Institute for
the Study of Labor, Bonn, IZA discussion paper, n° 3911, December, 38 p.,
(2008).
Résumé - Summary :
This paper
investigates a puzzle in the literature on labor markets in developing
countries: labor legislations not only have an impact on the formal labor market
but also an impact on the informal sector. It has even been argued that the
impact on the informal sector in the case of the minimum wage is stronger than
on the formal sector. Using quasi-experiments of minimum wage changes and
thereby exploiting geographical variation of the minimum wage bite, I find
evidence for this hypothesis. Informal workers, workers without social security
contribution, experienced significant wage increases when the minimum wage was
raised while formal workers did not. This result highlights that non-compliance
with one labor legislation, the social security contribution, does not
necessarily imply non-compliance to other labor laws such as the minimum wage.
Zone géographique /
Geographical area : Argentine / Argentina
.
Individual good, public bad or societal syndrome ? A cross-country study of
income, inequality and health, M. Karlsson,
Oxford Institute of Ageing,
Oxford, Working papers, n° 448, November, 41 p., (2008).
Résumé - Summary : This
paper examines the association between inequality and individual health across
low, middle and high income countries making use of a unique dataset containing
information on the health status of individuals in 21 countries and territories
throughout the world with very different characteristics. The survey covers
respondents between the ages of 40 and 79. Our dependent variable is
self-assessed health (SAH), a categorical variable which ranges from ‘very poor’
to ‘very good’. As a robustness check, we also consider activities of daily
living (ADL). We estimate the relationship between economic inequalities and
health and the relationship between reference group incomes and health – with
particular focus on how the estimated effects depend on the reference group
considered. We find strong evidence that average incomes within the own age
group has a negative effect on health, thus giving support to the relative
income hypothesis. This reference group seems to be more important than those
based on geographic proximity. However, there seem to be important differences
between high- and low-income countries in this and other respects. Finally,
there is strong evidence of a general income inequality effect.
Zone géographique /
Geographical area : Données internationale / International data
AUTRES DONNEES SOCIALES - OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES
.
Quelles caractéristiques sociales et quel recours aux
soins pour les bénéficiaires de la CMUC en 2006 ?,
B. Boisguérin,
Drees, Paris,
Études et résultats, n° 675, janvier, 6 p., (2009).
Zone géographique /
Geographical area : France
.
What made him change ? An individual and national analysis of men's
participation in housework in 26 countries,
M. J. Gonzales, T. Jurado-Guerrero and M. Naldini,
Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona,
DemoSoc working paper, n° 2009-30, January, 28 p., (2009).
Zone géographique /
Geographical area : Europe
.
How can gender discrimination explain fertility behaviors
and family-friendly policies ?,
M. Recoules,
Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, Paris, CES
working papers, n° 2008.98, 25 p., (2008).
Résumé :
Ce papier traite de l'interaction entre la discrimination à l'encontre des
femmes et les décisions familiales au travers d'un modèle d'équilibre général
dans lequel les décisions de fécondité, d'offre de travail et de dépenses
publiques sont endogènes. Les politiques familiales sont supposées permettre de
réduire le temps consacré par les parents aux enfants. Le modèle montre que la
discrimination à l'encontre des femmes peut expliquer les différences entre pays
en matière de comportements familiaux. Les résultats mettent en évidence une
relation en forme de U entre la fécondité et la discrimination. Un accroissement
de la discrimination peut induire à la fois une baisse de la fécondité, de
l'offre de travail des femmes et des dépenses publiques en faveur de la famille.
Summary :
This paper focuses on the
interaction between gender discrimination and household decisions. It develops a
general equilibrium model with endogenous fertility, endogenous labor supply and
endogenous size of government spending. Family policies are assumed to decrease
the time that parents spend on their children. The model shows that gender
discrimination may explain differences in household decisions between countries.
The solution shows a U-shaped relationship between fertility and gender
discrimination. An increase in the discrimination level implies a related
decrease in fertility, women's participation in the labor force and in
family-friendly policies.
Zone géographique /
Geographical area : Pays de l'OCDE / OECD countries
.
Prospects for the US and the world : A crisis that
conventional remedies cannot resolve,
W. Godly, D. B. Papadimitriou and G.
Zezza, The Levy Economics Institute, Strategic Analysis, Annadale-on-Hudson,
December, 11 p., (2008).
Zone géographique /
Geographical area : Données internationale / International data