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PAUVRETE - POVERTY 

. Can in-work benefits improve social inclusion in the Southern  European countries ?, F. Figari, Euromod, Colchester, Euromod working paper, n° EM4/09, April, 24 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : This paper analyses the effects of implementing a family-based and an individually-based in-work benefit in the Southern European Countries using EUROMOD, the EU-wide tax-benefit microsimulation model. In- Work Benefits (IWBs) are means-tested cash transfers given to individuals, through the tax system, conditional on their employment status. They are intended to enhance the incentives to accept work and redistribute resources to low income groups. The research confirms the presence of a trade off between the redistributive and the incentive effects of the different policies. Family-based in-work benefits are better targeted on the poorest households, in particular in Italy and Portugal. Individually-based policies lead to greater incentives to work, in particular in Italy and in Greece. Individually-based IWBs seem to be more efficient if the enhancement of the labour market participation of women in couples is of fundamental concern.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. Le ciblage des politiques de lutte ? contre la pauvreté : quel bilan des expériences dans les pays en développement, E. Lavallée et alii, Dial, Paris, Document de travail, n° 2009-03, 46 p., (2009).

Résumé : Dans un contexte de ressources budgétaires limitées et suite au constat que la croissance et l’aide publique au développement ne bénéficiaient pas forcément aux pauvres, la communauté internationale a eu recours à des outils spécifiques permettant d’atteindre en priorité les pauvres. Le ciblage des politiques de lutte contre la pauvreté est l’un de ces outils. Cet article vise à dresser un bilan des expériences de ciblage menées dans les pays en développement. Il cherche pour cela à dégager les facteurs de réussite ou d’échec de ces expériences et fait le point sur les questions qui font toujours débat.

Summary : Fiscal constraints and policy changes to improve effectiveness of programs in reducing poverty has progressively led the international community to use tools for reaching the poor. Targeting antipoverty interventions is one of them. This paper aims at providing a general review of experiences of targeted poverty alleviation policies in developing countries and seeks to identify the key factors that affect their performances.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Pays en développement /  Developing countries

. Politiques et programmes sur la réduction de la pauvreté : Canada, D. I. Hay, Conseil canadien de Développement social, Montréal, Rapport, 31 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Canada

. Politiques et programmes sur la réduction de la pauvreté : Québec, P-J. Ulysse, Conseil canadien de Développement social, Montréal, Rapport, 38 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Canada

. Poverty and exclusion in urban China, Y. Hao, Social Science Research Center, Berlin, WZB discussion paper, n° SP 2009-02, April, 31 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : This paper discusses how widespread poverty and exclusion are in urban China during the period of transition from central planning to a market economy. Two poverty lines have been employed to measure poverty rates in urban areas: a diagnostic poverty line calculated by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) experts and a benefit poverty line used in the Minimum Living Allowance Program of the Chinese government. Both sets of estimates show marked variations by province. According to the former standard, the poverty headcount of China in 1998 was estimated as 14.8 million, with a poverty rate of 4.7 percent. According to the later standard, the poverty headcount for 2007 is estimated as 22.7 million, amounting to a poverty rate of 3.9 percent. Poor people are generally not living in absolute poverty, as their basic needs in food, clothing and shelter can largely be met. However, they have low incomes and restricted consumption potential. Economic constraints also entail adverse consequences like poor health, poor education and limited social contacts. Two groups of people are here considered as the new poor: unemployed or laid-off workers and labor migrants. This means that China now has two new forms of urban poverty which are caused by different factors and are combined with different forms of deprivation. Therefore, policy programs designed to eradicate poverty in urban areas have to be tailored carefully to the poor people’s special needs. Job creation and a comprehensive social protection system are here proposed as two effective instruments in the fight against urban poverty.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Chine / China

. Poverty rankings of opportunity profiles, V. Peragine, E. Savaglio and S. Vannucci, Centre for Household, Income, Labour and Demographic economics, Torino, Working paper, n° 11, 27 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : none

. "Working poor" in Deutschland und den USA : Arbeit und Armut im transatlantischen Vergleich, T. Rhein, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, Nürnberg, IAB - Kurzbericht, n° 1/2009, 8 S., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne, Etats-Unis / Germany, United States

EMPLOI - EMPLOYMENT

. Disparities, persistence and dynamics of regional unemployment rates in Germany, M. Kunz,  Institute for Employment Research, Nürnberg, IAB- discussion paper, n° 8/2009, 32 p., (2009).

Zusammenfassung :  "Das Papier zeigt, dass die Verteilung der regionalen Arbeitslosenquoten in Deutschland stark persistentes Verhalten aufweist. Außerdem zeigen panel unit root tests und autoregressive modelle mit fixen Effekten, dass regionale Arbeitslosenquoten eher bedingter als unbedingter Konvergenz folgen. Daher können äußerst persistente Unterschiede in den regionalen Arbeitslosenquoten als regionsspezifische Arbeitslosenquoten aufgrund von unterschiedlichen Ausstattungsmerkmalen betrachtet werden, die sehr schnell zu ihrem regionsspezifischen Mittelwert zurückkehren und dadurch gegen ein stabiles Muster von Arbeitslosigkeitsdifferenzialen konvergieren nicht aber gegen die nationale Arbeitslosenquote. Darüber hinaus zeigt die Untersuchung der Anpassungsprozesse, dass der Grad der Persistenz der Westdeutschen Arbeitslosenquoten nach Aggregatschocks seit 1960 deutlich gesunken ist. Für die Jahre 1989-2004 zeigen aber weder Aggregat-noch regionsspezifische Schocks persistentes Verhalten. Daher sind langsame Anpassungsprozesse nach dem Auftreten von Schocks nicht für persistente Unterschiede in den regionalen Arbeitslosenquoten verantwortlich. Ein Vergleich von Bundesländern und Kreisen zeigt auch, dass die beiden regionalen Ebenen ein ähnliches Anpassungsverhalten aufweisen. Die geschätzten Halbwertszeiten sowohl von Aggregat- als auch von regionsspezifischen Schocks sind dabei sehr stabil und liegen in einer Spannbreite von 1-3 Jahren."

Summary : The paper shows that the distribution of regional unemployment rates in Germany exhibits strong persistent behaviour. Furthermore, panel unit root tests and autoregressive fixed effects models indicate that regional unemployment rates display conditional rather than unconditional convergence. Thus, highly persistent unemployment disparities can be regarded as region-specific unemployment rates due to different regional endowments, adjusting quite rapidly to their region-specific means and therefore towards a stable pattern of unemployment disparities, rather than towards the national unemployment rate. Additionally, an investigation of adjustment processes suggests that the degree of persistence in western German unemployment rates after aggregate shocks has decreased markedly since the 1960s. For more recent years (1989-2004), neither aggregate nor region-specific shocks exhibit persistent behaviour. Therefore, slowworking adjustment mechanisms in response to shocks are not responsible for the persistent unemployment differentials. A comparison of regions and districts shows that the two regional levels have quite similar adjustment paths. The estimated half-lives of both aggregate and regionspecific shocks are found to be very robust within a range of 1-3 years.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne / Germany

. U.S. unemployment now as high as Europe, J. Schmitt, H. Jin Rho and S. Fremstad, Center for Economic and Policy Research, Washington, May, 4 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States

 REVENU - INCOME

. Les bénéficiaires de la revalorisation du SMIC au 1er juillet 2008, J-B. Berry et N. Variot, Dares, Paris, Premières informations, n° 21.1, mai, 7 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Earnings dynamics and inequality in EU, 1994-2001, S. M. Sologon and C. O'Donoghue, DIW, Berlin, SOEP papers, n° 184, May, 62  p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary :  This paper uses ECHP for 14 EU countries to explore the dynamic structure of individual earnings and the extent to which changes in cross-sectional earnings inequality reflect transitory or permanent components of individual lifecycle earnings variation. Increases in inequality reflect increases in permanent differentials in four countries and increases in both components in two. Decreases in inequality reflect decreases in transitory differentials in four countries, in permanent differentials in two and in both components in rest. In general, increases in inequality are accompanied by decreases in mobility, whereas only in three countries the increase in mobility is determined by the decrease in inequality.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. Low pay persistence in European countries, K. Clark and N. C. Kanellopoulos, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, IZA discussion paper, n° 4183, May, 34 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : Using panel data for twelve European countries over the period 1994-2001 we estimate the extent of state dependence in low pay. Controlling for observable and unobservable heterogeneity as well as the endogeneity of initial conditions we find positive, statistically significant state dependence in every single country. The magnitude of this effect varies by country, however this variation is not systematically related to labour market institutions.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. Propositions de mise en oeuvre du Revenu de solidarité active (RSA) et du Contrat unique d'insertion (CUI) en outre-mer, R-P.Victoria, La Documentation française, Paris, avril, 130 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area :France

. Rapport final sur l'évaluation des expérimentations rSa, F. Bourguignon, Comité d'Evaluation des expérimentations, La Documentation française, Paris, 30 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Les salariés rémunérés sur la base du Smic en 2006, D. Demailly, Dares, Paris, Premières synthèses, n° 22.1, mai, 11 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : Ce rapport d'évaluation actualise le bilan d'étape paru en septembre 2008. Publié quelques jours avant la généralisation du Revenu de solidarité active (rSa) à partir du 1er juin 2009, le rapport s'appuie sur les expérimentations menées dans 33 départements et concernant un peu plus de 15 000 bénéficiaires de ce nouveau revenu. A noter que celui-ci se substitue notamment au revenu minimum d'insertion (RMI) et à l'allocation de parent isolé (API).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Il sostegno al reddito dei disoccupati: note sullo stato dell’arte. Tra riformismo strisciante, inerzie dell’impianto categoriale e incerti orizzonti di flexicurity, M. Mancini, B. Anastasia e U. Trivellato, Istituto di Studi e Analisi Economica ISAE, Documenti di Lavoro, aprile, n° 112, 96 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Italie / Italy

. Stepping stone or dead end ? The effect of the EITC on earnings growth, M. Dahl, T. DeLeire and J. Schwabish, Institute for Research on Poverty, Madison, Discussion paper, n° 1365-09, 30 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : While many studies have found that the EITC increases the employment rates of single mothers, no study to date has examined whether the jobs taken by single mothers as a result of the EITC incentives are "dead-end" jobs or jobs that have the potential for earnings growth. Using a panel of administrative earnings data linked to nationally representative survey data, we find no evidence that the EITC expansions between 1994 and 1996 induced single mothers to take "dead-end" jobs. If anything, the increase in earnings growth during the mid-to-late 1990s for single mothers who were particularly affected by the EITC expansion was higher than it was for other similar women. The EITC encourages work among single mothers, and that work continues to pay off through future increases in earnings
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States

AUTRES DONNEES SOCIALES - OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES

. Fonds de financement de la protection complémentaire de la couverture universelle du risque maladie, La Documentation française, Paris, Rapport d'activité 2008, 89 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. The impact of inflation and unemployment on subjective personal and country evaluations, N. Gandelman and R. Hernandez-Murillo, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Saint Louis, Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Review, May-June, pp. 107-126, (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Données internationales / International data

. Les politiques de conciliation vie professionnelle / vie familiale menées par les employeurs, M. Solignac, Ined, Paris, Documents de travail, n° 161,  156 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France