bulletin du cerc n° 182 du 29 juin 2009

PAUVRETE - POVERTY

. 79 million EU citizens were at-risk-of-poverty in 2007, of whom 32 million were also materially deprived, P. Wolff, Eurostat, Luxembourg, Statistics in focus, population and social conditions, n° 46/2009, 12 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. Elderly poverty and supplemental security income, J. Nicholas and M. Wiseman, Social Security Administration, Washington, Social security bulletin, Vol. 69, n° 1, 29 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States

. Immigrant child poverty in Scandinavia : A panel data study, T. A. Galloway and alii, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, IZA discussion paper, n° 4232, June, 42 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : Immigrant and native child poverty in Denmark, Norway and Sweden 1993 to 2001 is investigated using large sets of panel data. While native children face yearly poverty risks of less than 10 percent in all three countries and for all years investigated the increasing proportion of immigrant children with an origin in middle and low income countries have poverty risks that varies from 38 and up to as much as 58 percent. At the end of the observation period one third of the poor children in Norway have an immigrant origin, and that corresponding proportion is as high as about a half in Denmark as well as in Sweden. The strong overrepresentation of immigrant children from low and middle income countries when measured in yearly data is also found when applying a longer accounting period. We find that child poverty rates are generally high shortly after arrival to the new country, and typically decreases with years since immigration. Multivariate analysis shows that parents years since immigration and education affect risks of the number of periods in persistent poverty. While a native child is very unlikely to spend nine years in poverty, the corresponding risk for a child to a newly arrived immigrant from Turkey was found to be far from negligible. Much of the pattern is similar across the three countries but there are also some differences.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Danemark, Norvège, Suède / Denmark, Norway, Sweden

. Pro-poor tax reforms with an application to Mexico, J-Y. Duclos, P. Makdissi and A. Araar, Department of Economics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Working paper, n° 0907, May, 34 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Mexique / Mexico

EMPLOI - EMPLOYMENT

. L'accompagnement social des bénéficiaires du RSA au titre de l'API. Evaluation des expérimentations conduites par les CAF, C. Avenel, Cnaf, Paris, Dossier d'étude, n° 117, juin, 110 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Limits and potential of the use of vouchers for personal services : An evaluation of titres-services in Belgium and the CESU in France, A. M. Sansoni, ETUI, Brussels, ETUI working paper, n° 2009.06, 44 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France, Belgique / France, Belgium

. La « non qualification » Question de formation, d’emploi ou de travail ?, J. Rose, Céreq, Marseille, Net-doc, n° 53, juin, 78 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Subsidized temporary jobs: lock-in and stepping stone effects, F. Fremigacci et A. Terracol, Centre d’Etude des Politiques économiques de l’Universite d’Evry, Evry, Working paper, n° 09-10, June, 31 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : This article evaluates the effectiveness of subsidized temporary jobs as stepping stones to regular employment. We study a French program (Activité Réduite) that allows job seekers to work part-time while remaining registered with the unemployment agency. Under this program, insured individuals are allowed to concurrently receive part of their unemployment benefits and wage income. Using an administrative data set, we fit a multivariate duration model correcting for the endogenous nature of the time to treatment, the time in treatment, and the level of the subsidy. We find that subsidized temporary jobs have both a significant lock-in effect and a significant positive post-treatment impact on the hazard rate to employment. Since individuals facing a high implicit tax rate have incentives to self-select into better part-time jobs, we also find that a higher tax rate leads to a weaker lock-in effect and a stronger post-treatment effect. Simulations suggest that the lock-in effect first dominates, but that the overall effect eventually becomes positive. They also point to ways of improving the effectiveness of the policy.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

REVENU - INCOME

. The effect of employer incentives in social insurance on individual wages, J. Vikström, Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation, Uppsala, Working paper, n° 2009:13, June, 41 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Suède / Sweden

. Long-term impact of youth minimum wages : Evidence from two decades of individual longitudinal data, A. R. Cardoso, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, IZA discussion paper, n° 4236, June, 42 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : This paper quantifies the long-run impact of exposure to youth minimum wages and sheds light on its mechanisms. It uses remarkable longitudinal data spanning for twenty years and explores legislative changes that define groups of teenagers exposed for different durations. After controlling for the contemporaneous impact of the minimum wage, its long-run impact translates into: an overall wage premium, consistent with an upgrading in the quality of jobs offered; a flatter tenure-earnings profile, consistent with lower initial investment in firm-specific training. Interestingly, the overall wage premium increases with exposure and the tenure-earnings profile is flatter the longer the exposure.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Portugal

. Minimum wages and employment in France and United States, J. M. Abowd and alii, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, Conference "The economics of minimum wage", June 21, 2009 - June 23, 42 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France, Etats-Unis / France, United States

. La rémunération dans les entreprises en 2007, une forte hausse dans les activités financières, N. Bignon, Dares, Paris, Premières informations, n° 25.3, juin, 7 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : En 2007, dans le secteur privé et semi-public, la rémunération brute mensuelle moyenne d’un salarié à temps complet s’est élevée à 2 661 euros (+3,1 % par rapport à 2006) et le salaire moyen net de tous prélèvements à 1997 euros (+3,0 %). La hausse du salaire net moyen a été plus forte pour les cadres que pour les autres catégories socioprofessionnelles. L’écart de salaire net moyen entre les hommes et les femmes à temps complet est resté stable. En 2007, une femme gagnait en moyenne 18,8 % de moins qu’un homme. Le salaire net moyen des salariés à temps complet a moins augmenté dans les entreprises de 1 à 9 salariés (+2,5 %) que dans l’ensemble des entreprises. Il a été légèrement plus dynamique dans l’industrie (+3,4 %) que dans le tertiaire (+3,2 %) et la construction (+2,8 %). Les hausses les plus fortes ont été enregistrées dans les activités financières (+6,7 %) et l’énergie (+5,3 %). Agrégées selon la grille des conventions regroupées pour l’information statistique (CRIS), les branches professionnelles qui offrent les rémunérations moyennes les plus élevées sont celles des banques, établissements financiers et assurances. Dans ces branches professionnelles, la hausse du salaire net a été en moyenne de 9,6 % en 2007.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

Résumé - Summary : L'article explore l’impact de différentes stratégies d’emploi sur la satisfaction au travail et la santé perçue des seniors. Dans un contexte européen de politiques visant à accroître les taux d’emploi des seniors, la question du maintien en emploi des seniors en mauvaise santé et/ou subissant des conditions de travail pénibles est d’actualité. Les politiques de maintien en emploi reposent principalement sur des incitations financières et la restriction de l’accès aux dispositifs de cessation anticipée d’activité. Cependant, certains pays européens ont fait de la soutenabilité du travail un axe majeur de leurs stratégies d’emploi et mené des politiques d’amélioration des conditions de travail. Pour appréhender ce contexte institutionnel, nous menons une comparaison de la capacité de travail de la main-d’œuvre vieillissante dans onze pays européens à partir d’une analyse factorielle sur données individuelles (enquête SHARE, 2004). On entend ici par capacité de travail l’état de santé subjectif des individus et leurs conditions de travail déclarées (pression physique et psychologique, latitude décisionnelle, sentiment de récompense, perspectives d’emploi).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

Retraite / Retirement

. Do pensioners have sufficient income to meet their needs ?, Pensions Policy Institute, London, PPI briefing note, n° 51, June, 4 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom

. Investir aujourd’hui pour les retraites de demain , Rapport 2008, Fonds de Réserves pour les Retraites, Paris, 51 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Investment risk and pensions : Impact on individual retirement incomes and government budgets, E. Whitehouse, A. D'Addio and A. Reilly, OECD, Paris, OECD social, employment and migration working papers, n° 87, June, 56 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Pays de l'OCDE / OECD countries

. Patrimoine et retraite : l'expérience française de 1820 à 1940 in Patrimoine : développements récents, J. Bourdieu et L. Kesztenbaum, Insee, Paris, Economie et statistique, n° 417-418, juin, 16 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Rethinking retirement : From participation towards allocation, R. Euwals, R. de Mooij and D. van Vuuren, CPB, The Hague, Working paper, n° 80, 170 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : This study argues that Dutch policy regarding the labour market for elderly is at a crossroads. Previous reforms in the Netherlands have encouraged labour supply and are expected to boost labour-market participation of individuals aged 55 to 64 to 60% in 2020. Further stimulus of supply is debatable due to perverse distributive implications. The increase in participation reveals inefficiencies in the demand side of the market. Indeed, the Dutch labour market for elderly is characterised by long unemployment duration, long job tenures, low mobility and little investment in human capital. The inefficiencies were previously hidden by massive early retirement, but will become more pressing as the workforce ages and participation rates increase. This imposes a new challenge for Dutch policy, a challenge that has become more urgent due to the current financial crisis that is expected to cause a substantial rise in unemployment. The study offers up-to-date insight in the consequences of policy reforms for the labour market.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Pays-Bas / The Netherlands

. Solidarité et contributivité dans les systèmes de retraite étrangers, F. Arnaud, DGTPE, Paris, Documents de travail, n° 2009/08, juin, 22 p., (2009).

Résumé : Les régimes de retraite incorporent fréquemment des éléments non contributifs au calcul des pensions. Ce document dresse la liste de ces mécanismes, dans les régimes (essentiellement de base) de dix pays développés. Si la diversité des systèmes de retraite (mode d’acquisition, articulation entre piliers, etc.) constitue une difficulté pour cette comparaison, il ressort toutefois que ces systèmes partagent de nombreux éléments communs. La première partie expose les dispositifs non contributifs incorporés aux règles d’acquisition des droits et de calcul des pensions qui sont principalement de deux types : non proportionnalité des taux de cotisations ou de liquidation aux revenus ; dérogations accordées à certaines catégories d’assurés dans les conditions d’ouverture des droits (femmes et invalides, par exemple). La deuxième partie présente les mécanismes limitant l’impact sur la pension de périodes spécifiques (droits accordés pour les congés-maladie ou le chômage, ou au titre des enfants). Enfin, la dernière partie explicite les dispositifs de pension minimum et de revenu minimum pour les personnes âgées.

Summary : This document presents the redistributive elements embedded in pension systems of ten developed countries. Diversity in the computation of pensions across countries makes the comparison difficult; therefore, this study focuses mainly on the first pillar of pension systems. Despite the diversity, systems under consideration share a lot of tools. The first part analyses redistributive elements incorporated in pensions rules: it consists mainly in changes from proportionality between contributions and income, and between pension and income; moreover, some categories of people are granted advantages, in the form of early retirement (women and handicapped people, for instance). The second part focuses on tools to limit the impact on pensions of specific events, such as sickness leave, or unemployment; the impact of children on pensions is also examined. It shows that there are differences among countries : some display the whole set of tools, whereas some others offer only a limited range of advantages. In the last part, minimum pension and minimum income for elderly people are briefly presented.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Comparaisons internationales / International comparisons

. Towards an actuarially fair pension system in Norway, U. Colombino and alii, Centre for Household, Income, Labour and Demographic Economics, Torino, ChilD working paper, n° 14/2009, 33 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Norvège / Norway

. Voluntary pension savings : The effects of the Finnish tax reform on savers' behaviour, J. Harju, Government Institute for Economic Research, Helsinki, Vatt working papers, n° 7/2009, June, 34 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : Many countries tax voluntary pension savings using the so-called EET model, based on tax-deductible savings and taxable withdrawals. In Finland the tax reform of 2005 changed the tax rate schedule from progressive to proportional, while the basic structure of the EET model was retained. This paper is an empirical study of changes in savers’ behaviour as a result of the reform using individual level data. The econometric estimations indicate that the reform altered pension saving behaviour by reducing the labour income and age effects on saving contributions in a statistically significant way. Also, the reform reduced the number of pension savers among high income-earners.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Finlande / Finland

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Bulletin N°182