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Bulletin N°186

24 août 2009 - August 24, 2009

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PAUVRETE - POVERTY 

. The emperor's new suit : Global poverty estimates reappraised,
S. Reddy, Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis, New York, SCEPA working paper, n° 2009-11, July, 66 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary :  The recent revision of the World Bank’s global poverty estimates based on a new $1.25 (2005 PPP) poverty line underlines their unreliability and lack of meaningfulness. It is very difficult to justify various aspects of the Bank’s approach. In the short term, less weight should be given to the Bank’s poverty estimates in monitoring the first MDG. In the longer term, a solution to the observed problems requires adopting an altogether different method. Such an alternative exists but requires global institutional coordination. Until it is implemented, the crisis in the monitoring of global consumption poverty can be expected to intensify.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Données internationales / International data

. An exploratory analysis of financial difficulties among those living below the poverty line in Ireland,
S. Stamp, Combat Poverty Agency, Dublin, Working paper, n° 09/02, July, 92 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Irlande / Ireland

. A path-dependent poverty measure, L. Ceriani, Centre for Research on the Public Sector, Econpubblica, Milano, Working papers, n° 142, July, 27 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : The paper provides the axiomatic characterization of a new poverty measure, the path-dependent poverty index. This is a two period index taking into account not only individuals current and past deprivation levels, but also the relative position with respect to their previous income status. Given two populations with the same distribution of incomes, path-dependent poverty is higher for the population where all individuals experienced an income fall. Not only they are poor, they also feel the pain for their loss. The new index is illustrated with an application to EU countries.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. Why are child poverty rates so persistently high in Spain ?, C. Gradin and O. Canto, Ecineq, Palma de Mallorca, Ecineq working paper, n° 2009-123, August, 32 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary :  Poverty rates among households with children in Spain have been shown to be persistently higher than those among households without children. These higher rates prevail for chronic, transitory and, most remarkably, for recurrent poverty. In order to study the dynamics of poverty transitions in Spain we estimate a dynamic random effects probit model that controls for unobserved heterogeneity and initial conditions using the European Community Household Panel. Our results show differential effects of several individual and household characteristics on the probability of being poor for households with and without children. Of special interest is how labour instability factors can help to explain the outstandingly higher recurrence in povertyamong households with children in Spain, compared with other countries.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Espagne / Spain

EMPLOI - EMPLOYMENT

. Batailles d'idées dans l'espace européen : La lutte contre le chômage et le combat pour le nommer,
A. Serrano Pascual, Ires, Noisy-le-Grand, La Revue de l'Ires, n° 60, 18 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. A portrait of the youth labor market in 13 countries : 1980-2007, G. Martin, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, Monthly Labor Review, July, 18 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Données internationales / International data

REVENU - INCOME

. Restoring the minimum wage for America's tipped workers,
R. D. Nayak and P. K. Sonn, National Employment Law Project, New York, August, 28 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States

AUTRES DONNEES SOCIALES - OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES

. Le défi de redressement de la compétitivité française, R. Kierzenkowski, OCDE, Paris, Document de travail, n° 720, août, 49 p., (2009).

Résumé : Depuis le début des années 2000, la France a connu une détérioration marquée de sa performance à l’exportation, conduisant à des préoccupations accrues de la part des autorités et de la société civile sur la capacité d’adaptation de l’économie à une mondialisation croissante des échanges et de l’investissement en biens et services. Les mauvaises performances enregistrées du commerce extérieur sont liées à une série de facteurs plutôt qu’à une seule cause unique. Elles ne peuvent être expliquées par les seuls déterminants externes tels que le taux de change, l’avènement dans le commerce mondial de pays émergents à fort potentiel d’exportation ou la forte hausse des prix du pétrole en 2007-08. En effet, ce n’est pas tant la perte de parts de marchés en soi qui est inquiétante – elle s’est produite dans de nombreux pays – mais plutôt son ampleur dû à la difficulté à répondre à l’accélération de la demande mondiale dans les années 2000, datant d’avant l’apparition de la crise économique actuelle. En effet, l’analyse de la dégradation de la compétitivité renvoie davantage à des facteurs d’offre liés à la moindre aptitude des entreprises françaises à servir les marchés étrangers, mais aussi au développement de stratégies industrielles d’établissement à l’étranger de la totalité du processus de production. Le redressement de la compétitivité passera par un renforcement de la croissance potentielle et une action sur ses principaux déterminants à long terme, tels que l’accroissement de la recherche et développement, la promotion de l’innovation, la baisse du poids de la fiscalité, une amélioration de la concurrence et la création de conditions propices à une croissance rapide des entreprises. Le manque de compétitivité est le plus souvent un symptôme, et non la cause d’une ou plusieurs faiblesses économiques sous-jacentes. C’est pourquoi, il est préférable que l’intervention publique soit globale et porte sur les sources du problème de compétitivité et non qu’elle prenne la forme d’aides ciblées visant à remédier directement au déficit croissant de la balance commerciale. Ce document de travail se rapporte à l’Étude économique de l’OCDE de la France, 2009

 Summary : Since the beginning of the decade, France has seen a marked decline in its export performance, leading to growing concerns on the part of the authorities and of civil society about the economy’s capacity to adapt to the intensified globalisation of trade and investment in goods and services. The poor foreign trade performance of recent years is related to a series of factors, rather than to any single cause. It cannot be explained by external determinants alone, such as the exchange rate, the trade inroads of emerging countries with strong export potential or the sharp rise in oil prices in 2007-08. Indeed, it is not so much the loss of market share itself that is of concern (many countries have experienced this), but rather the extent of that loss, which reflects problems in responding to the acceleration in global demand earlier this decade, before the apparition of the current crisis. An analysis of the deterioration in competitiveness  points to supply-side factors such as the relative inability of French firms to service foreign markets, and the pursuit of industrial strategies of offshoring the entire production process. Restoring competitiveness will require steps to strengthen the country’s growth potential and to address the main long-term determinants of that potential, such as fostering research and development, promoting innovation, reducing the tax burden, boosting competition and creating favourable conditions for businesses to grow rapidly. The lack of competitiveness is more often a symptom than the cause of one or more underlying economic weaknesses. What is called for, then, is a comprehensive policy response that addresses the sources of the competitiveness problem, rather than targeted interventions designed directly to remedy the growing trade  deficit. This Working Paper relates to the 2009 OECD Economic Survey of France
English version
" The challenge of   French competitiveness"
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Les dépenses de santé en France : Déterminants et impact du vieillissement à l'horizon 2050,
V. Albouy et alii, DGTPE, Paris, Documents de travail de la DGTPE, n° 2009/11, juillet, 33 p., (2009).

Résumé : La part du revenu national consacrée à la santé est en forte croissance depuis plusieurs décennies. Cette dépense étant largement socialisée, il est capital d’évaluer si cette tendance a des chances de se poursuivre, quelles en sont les causes profondes, et si les politiques publiques peuvent l’infléchir. Ce document passe en revue les déterminants possibles de l’augmentation des dépenses de santé. Il conclut que si certains facteurs passés pourraient peser moins lourdement à l’avenir, la santé reste fondamentalement une industrie en croissance tirée par l’innovation technico-médicale. L’ampleur de la hausse à venir paraît néanmoins très incertaine : les estimations passées ici en revue anticipent une hausse du poids de la santé dans le PIB comprise entre 0 et plus de 10 points d’ici 2050. Dans une deuxième partie, une estimation originale de l’effet du vieillissement démographique est proposée. D’après nos estimations, l’impact du vieillissement sur la dépense de santé devrait être compris entre ½ et 2 ½ points de PIB d’ici 2050, selon que la santé des seniors ira spontanément en s’améliorant ou qu’au contraire les soins aux personnes âgées s’intensifient.

 Summary : The share of health expenditure in GDP has increased rapidly over the past decades. Since spending on health care is mainly publicly financed, key concerns are whether this trend is likely to continue, what its deep causes are, and whether public policies can weigh on these developments. This paper examines the underlying drivers of increased heath spending. It concludes that though some earlier forces may put less pressure on public spending in the future, health essentially is a growing industry driven by hi-tech and therapeutic innovation. By how much spending is likely to further increase remains uncertain however: the projections we review put the increase somewhere between 0-over10 points of GDP over the period to 2050. In a second section, a novel estimation of the impact of ageing is suggested. We assess that ageing could contribute between ½ - 2½ points of GDP to the rise in health spending till 2050, depending on whether one adopts a “healthy ageing” perspective or conversely, whether one considers that senior people will require increased treatments.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France
 

Réforme de la santé / Health care reform


. Better coverage for children,
Families USA, Washington, Talking about health care reform, August, 4 p., (2009).

. The case for real health care reform,
J. Antos, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, AEI working paper, n° 148, June, 17 p., (2009).

La couverture maladie aux Etats-Unis : Un système fragmenté,
L. apRoberts, Institut Européen du Salariat, Paris, Les notes de l'IES, n° 2, mars, 4 p., (2009).

.
Expanded subsidies are essential to health reform : Cutting subsidies below 400% of poverty line would undermine goals of health reform, E. Gould and A. Hertel-Fernandez, Economic Policy Institute, Washington, Issue brief, n° 261, August, 5 p., (2009).
Read one-page summaries of state-level data for the 18 states where the average family would lose support for purchasing insurance if eligibility is lowered

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Health care and the middle class : More costs and less coverage, D. Rowland, C. Hoffman and M. McGinn-Shapiro, The Henry Kaiser Family Foundation, Washington, July, 21 p., (2009).

. How we can pay for health care reform, R. A. Berenson and alii, The Urban Institute, Washington, July, 33 p., (2009).

. Out-of-pocket expenses : Americans shoulder the burden of growing health care costs, Health reform.gov, Washington, 3 p., (2009).

. Realities of health policy in North America : Government is the problem, not the solution, B. J. Skinner, The Fraser Institute, Ottawa, 24 p., (2009).

. Rite of passage ? Why young adults become uninsured and how new policies can help, 2009 update, J. L. Nicholson and alii, The Commonwealth Fund, New York, Issue brief, August, 22 p., (2009).

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Suburban poverty and the health care safety net, L. E. Felland, J. R. Lauer and P. J. Cunningham, Center for Studying Health System Change, Washington, Research brief, n° 13, July, 12 p., (2009).

. Who are the uninsured ? An analysis of America's uninsured population, their characteristics and their health,
J. E. O'Neill and S. M. O'Neill, Employment Policies Institute, Washington, 48 p., (2009).

. Why paying for health care reform is difficult and essential : Numbers and rules, H. J. Aaron, The Brookings Institution, Washington, The New England Journal of Medicine, 3 p., (2009).