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PAUVRETE - POVERTY 

. Analyse de la répartition des revenus entre les femmes et les hommes et de la dépendance financière en Belgique sur la base des données du SILC-Belge 2006, Z. Alaoui Amine et K. F. Evangelista, Dulbea, Bruxelles, Document de travail, n° 09-09, août, 96 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : In the framework of the BGIA (Belgian Gender and Income Analysis) project, a methodology was developed to compute the individual income of women and men in order to illustrate existing gender differences, also in terms of financial dependency. This paper presents the gender distribution of individual income and financial dependency in nine European countries : Austria, Belgium, Spain, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. First, the data and methodology are explained. In a second step, we analyse the difference between the individual income and financial dependency rates of women and men as well as those individual characteristics that determine the gender gap. We also compare our individually-based financial dependency rates with the household-based at-risk-of-poverty rates as they are defined by the European Commission. In the third part of this paper, the analysis is topped off by the estimation of an econometric model of the probit type to identify those factors with the most decisive influence on the probability of being financially dependent. The pure marginal effects of all individual characteristics separately are computed by this method. In the fourth part, four new indicators are suggested to complete the core set of poverty and social exclusion indicators which are regularly produced for every EU country on a comparable basis (the so-called 'Laeken Indicators').
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe, Belgique / Europe, Belgium

. Meeting the basic needs of children : Does income matter ?, L. A. Gennetian, N. Castels and P. Morris, National Poverty Center, Ann Arbor,  NPC working paper, n° 09-11 August, 35 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : We review existing research and policy evidence about income as an essential component to meeting children’s basic needs—that is, income represented as the purest monetary transfer for moving families from living below a poverty threshold to living above it. Social scientists have made great methodological strides in establishing whether income has independent effects on the cognitive development of low-income children. We argue that researchers are well-positioned for more rigorous investigations about how and why income affects children, but only first with thoughtful and creative regard for conceptual clarity, and on understanding income’s potentially inter-related influences on socio-emotional development, mental, and physical health. We also argue for more focus on income’s effects across the childhood age span and within different family structures. We end with a description of two-generation and cafeteria-style programs as the frontiers of the next generation in income-enhancement policies, and with the promise of insights from behavioral economics.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States

. Overview of transnational statistical initiatives on homelessness and poverty, Feantsa, Brussels, August, 28 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. Poverty and wealth reporting of the German government : Approach, lessons and critique, C. Arndt and J. Volkert, IAW, Tübingen, IAW discussion paper, n° 51, July, 35 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : The Capability Approach has been adopted as a theoretical framework for official Poverty and Wealth Reports by the German government. For the first time, this paper provides information on the use of the Capability Approach in this reporting process to international readers. We show the background and processes that might have led the government to adopt Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach as a framework for the reports and describe the Capability-related structure and main contents of the recent 3rd Poverty and Wealth Report. We also explain why the extension of the Capability Approach from poverty to wealth issues in German reports may be promising also for analyses of capability deprivation in general. Finally, we discuss major shortcoming and challenges of the reporting and end with a brief conclusion
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne / Germany

EMPLOI - EMPLOYMENT

. L'apport du testing à la mesure des discriminations, E. Duguet, Y. L'Horty et P. Petit, Centre d'Etudes de l'Emploi, Noisy-le-Grand, Connaissance de l'emploi, n° 68, août, 4 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Combien d'emplois dans les services à la personne ?, F. Jany-Catrice, Idies, Paris, Note de travail, n° 6, juillet, 7 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Départs du marché du travail dans les régions à l’horizon 2020, C. Warzee, Insee, Paris, Insee première, n° 1255, septembre, 4 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : En 2020, un tiers des personnes en emploi en 2005 aura définitivement quitté le marché du travail. Issus des générations du baby-boom, les seniors, âgés de 50 à 64 ans, sont chaque année de plus en plus nombreux à se retirer définitivement du marché du travail, et cela jusqu’en 2020. Ils représentent à eux seuls plus d’un quart de la population en âge de travailler en 2005. Leur taux d’emploi baisse fortement et régulièrement dès 55 ans. Les régions où le poids démographique des seniors est le plus élevé seront les plus concernées. Mais les taux d’emploi des 50-64 ans et l’importance des quadragénaires sur le marché du travail jouent également sur les départs à la retraite dans chaque région, atténuant l’impact du poids démographique des seniors. Partout en France métropolitaine, ces départs seront importants dans les secteurs de l’éducation, la santé et l’action sociale et de l’administration.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Did welfare reform work for everyone ? A look at young single mothers, M. Daly and J. Kwok, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, San Francisco, FRBSF economic letter, n° 2009-24, August, 5 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area :  Etats-Unis /  United States

. Going separate ways ? School-to-work transitions in the United States and Europe, G. Quintini and T. Manfredi, OECD, Paris, OECD social, employment and migration working papers, n° 90, August, 53 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area :  Europe, Etats-Unis / Europe, United States

. Industrial relations developments in Europe 2008, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin, 76 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area :  Europe

REVENU - INCOME

. Did the national minimum wage affect UK prices ?, J. Wadsworth, Centre for Economic Performance, London, CEP discussion paper, n° 947, August, 57 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : One potential channel through which the effects of the minimum wage could be directed is that firms who employ minimum wage workers could have passed on any higher labour costs resulting from the minimum wage in the form of higher prices. This study looks at the effects of the minimum wage on the prices of UK goods and services by comparing prices of goods produced by industries in which UK minimum wage workers make up a substantial share of total costs with prices of goods and services that make less use of minimum wage labour. Using sectoral-level price data matched to LFS survey data on the share of minimum wage workers in each sector, it is hard to find much evidence of significant price changes in the months that correspond immediately to the uprating of the NMW. However over the longer term, prices in several minimum wage sectors – notably take-away foods, canteen meals, hotel services and domestic services - do appear to have risen significantly faster than prices of non-minimum wage sectors. These effects were particularly significant in the four years immediately after the introduction of the minimum wage.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom

. Life satisfaction and relative income : Perceptions and evidence, G. Mayraz, G. G. Wagner and J. Schupp, DIW, Berlin, SOEP papers, n° 214, August, 24 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : Using a unique datas et we study both the actual and self-perceived relationship between subjective well-being and income comparisons against a wide range of potential comparison groups, enabling us to investigate a broader range of questions than in previous studies. In questions inserted into a 2008 module of the German-Socio Economic Panel Study we ask subjects to report (a) how their income compares to various groups, such a co-workers, friends, and neighbours, and (b) how important these income comparisons are to them. We nd sub- stantial gender diferences, with income comparisons being much bet-er predictors of subjective well-being in men than in women. Generic (same-gender) comparisons are the most important, followed by within profession comparisons. Once generic and within-profession comparisons are controlled for, income relative to neighbours has a negative coficient, implying that living in a high-income neighbourhood increases happiness. The perceived importance of income comparisons is found to be uncorrelated with its actual relationship to subjective well-being, suggesting that people are unconscious of its real impact. Subjects who judge comparisons to be important are, however, significantly less happy than subjects who see income comparisons as unimportant. Finally, the marginal effect of relative income on subjective well-being does not depend on whether a subject is below or above the reference group income.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne / Germany

. Mindestlönhe : In Westeuropa nicht unter 8.40 Euro, Hans Böckler Stiftung, Düsseldorf, Impuls - Thema Mindestlohn, August, S. 8, (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne, Europe / Germany, Europe

. A new concept generated from an old idea. Rethinking social capital in relation to income inequalities, E. Ferragina, Department of Social Policy and Social Work, Oxford, Barnett papers in social research, n° 3/2009, 24 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : Social capital theory has become increasingly important in the social science literature, integrating approaches previously based only on the classical forms of capital. In this article, the emergence of the concept of Social Capital is approached from a sociological and a political point of view. A review of classical sociological theories introduces a critique of Putnam's analysis to highlight an important gap in the literature. The relationship between inequalities and Social Capital at the macro level, in fact, has not been developed adequately in the mainstream literature. The conclusion suggests a possible new way to look at the relationship between Social Capital and inequalities, providing a theoretical basis for new research. in open economies, partly because fiscal policy is less effective than in closed economies
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Italie /  Italy

AUTRES DONNEES SOCIALES - OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES

. International evidence on recovery from recessions, V. Cerra, U. Panizza and S. C. Saxena, IMF, New York, IMF working paper, n° 183, August, 31 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : Although negative shocks have persistent effects on output on average, this paper shows that macroeconomic policies and the structure of the economy can influence the speed of recovery and mitigate the persistence of the shock. Indeed, monetary and fiscal stimulus and foreign aid can spur a rebound, with impacts that are asymmetrically stronger than in non recovery years. Real depreciation and the exchange rate regime also have asymmetric growth effects in a recovery year relative to other years of expansion. Recoveries are more sluggish in open economies, partly because fiscal policy is less effective than in closed economies
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Données internationales / International data

. Tous les pays du monde : 2009, G. Pison, Ined, Paris, Population et sociétés, n° 458, juillet-août, 8 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Données internationales / International data