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PAUVRETE - POVERTY 

. Distributional effects of early childhood programs and business incentives and their implications for policy, T. J. Bartik, National Poverty Center, Ann Arbor,  NPC working paper, n° 09-13, August, 66 p. (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States

. Dynamic benefits : Towards welfare that works, S. Brien and alii,  The Centre for Social Justice, London, September, 369 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom

. Income, poverty and health insurance coverage in the United States : 2008, C. DeNavas-Walt, B. D. Proctor and J. C. Smith, Census Bureau, Washington, Current population reports, September, 74 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States

. Measuring the size and impact of public cash support for children in cross-national perspective, F. Figari, A. Paulus and H. Sutherland, Institute for Social and Economic Research, Colchester, ISER working paper, n° 2009-24, August, 25 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : We suggest a new comprehensive measure of support given through tax-benefit systems to families with children. Using microsimulation techniques, this accounts for all provisions contingent on the presence of children, while usually only gross child/family benefits are considered. We use EUROMOD, the European Union tax-benefit microsimulation model, to quantify the support for children and analyse its impact on household incomes and child poverty for 19 countries. We find that the conventional approach underestimates on average the total amount of support for children by about one fifth. Furthermore, the differences between two measures vary considerably across countries and are, therefore, critical for cross-national comparisons.
Zone géographique / Geographical area :  Données internationales / International data

. Multidimensional poverty and material deprivation, W. Bossert, S. R. Chakravarty and C. D'Ambrosio, Ecineq, Palma de Mallorca, Ecineq working paper, n° 2009-129, September, 23 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : We examine the measurement of multidimensional poverty and material deprivation following the counting approach. In contrast to earlier contributions, dimensions of well-being are not forced to be equally important but different weights can be assigned to different dimensions. We characterize a class of individual measures reflecting this feature. In addition, we axiomatize an aggregation procedure to obtain a class of indices for entire societies allowing for different degrees of inequality aversion in poverty. We apply the proposed measures to European Union member states where the concept of material deprivation was initiated.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. Nouveaux indicateurs pour une meilleure connaissance locale de la pauvreté, UNCCAS, Paris, 88 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Poverty, inequality and human rights, A. Donald and E. Mottershaw,  Joseph Rowntree Foundation, London, September, 61 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom

. Time and income poverty: An interdependent multidimensional poverty approach with German time use diary data, J. Merz and T. Rathjen, Ecineq, Palma de Mallorca, Ecineq working paper, n° 2009-126, September, 41 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne / Germany

EMPLOI - EMPLOYMENT

. Effectiveness of One-Euro-Jobs : Do programme characteristics matter ?, K. Hohmeyer, Research Institute of the Federal Employment Agency, Nürnberg, IAB-discussion paper, n° 20/2009, 60 p., (2009).

Summary : Recent labour market reforms in Germany introduced a workfare programme called One-Euro-Jobs with roughly 700,000 means-tested benefit recipients participating per year. In programme design leeway is given to local actors to respond to regional and individual factors. The legislature has set only key features of One-Euro-Jobs: One-Euro-Jobs are required to be additional and temporary jobs of public interest. Using administrative data for participants who entered the programme in spring 2005 this paper investigates medium-term effects of the programme and the association between flexibility in design and effect heterogeneity. First, effects of different types of One-Euro-Jobs (according to planned duration and weekly working hours) compared to non-participation (‘waiting’) are estimated and second, programme types are compared directly by pairwise matching to disentangle selection and programme effects. As expected lock-in effects are larger for participation with a longer planned duration, whereas this is not the case for more intensive programmes in terms of working hours. In the medium term, One-Euro-Jobs do not generally increase the employment prospects for men in East Germany beyond two years after programme start and longer and more intensive participations even decrease employment prospects. In West Germany, One-Euro-Jobs in general increase the employment chances and longer participations lead to slightly higher employment opportunities roughly two years after programme start. The initial advantages of short participations decrease over time

Kurzbeschreibung : "Nach ihrer Einführung im Jahre 2005 haben Ein-Euro-Jobs sich zu dem meist verwendeten Instrument der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Arbeitslosengeld II-Bezieher entwickelt. In ihrer Gestaltung besteht Spielraum für lokale Akteure, um auf regionale und individuelle Besonderheiten der Arbeitslosen einzugehen. Dieses Papier untersucht mit Hilfe von administrativen Daten zum einen die mittelfristigen Wirkungen von Ein-Euro-Jobs auf die Beschäftigungschancen von Teilnehmern, die im Frühjahr 2005 einen Ein-Euro-Job begonnen haben, und zum anderen, wie das Programmdesign die Effektivität beeinflusst. Erstens werden für verschiedene Typen von Ein-Euro-Jobs nach geplanter Dauer und Wochenstundenzahl die Effekte im Vergleich zu einer Nicht-Teilnahme ('waiting') geschätzt. Anschließend werden die verschiedenen Typen paarweise verglichen, um Programm- und Selektionseffekte trennen zu können. Längere Programme weisen - wie erwartet - höhere Einsperreffekte auf, während dies für zeitintensivere Programme nicht der Fall ist. Die mittelfristigen Effekte hängen von der jeweiligen betrachteten Gruppe ab: Männern in Ostdeutschland hilft eine Teilnahme nicht, und längere und intensivere Programme reduzieren sogar ihre Beschäftigungschancen. Für westdeutsche Männer und Frauen haben Ein-Euro-Jobs leicht positive Effekte und längere Programme haben mittelfristig sogar etwas höhere Beschäftigungseffekte. Die Vorteile kürzerer Teilnahmen verlieren mittelfristig an Bedeutung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne / Germany

. National profiling of the unemployed in Ireland, P. J. O'Connell and alii, Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin, ESRI Research Series, n° 10, July, 75 p., (2009). 
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Irlande / Ireland

. Supporting working Canadian families : The role of employment insurance special benefits, M. J. Prince, Caledon Institute of Social Policy, Ottawa, September, 33 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Canada

. Workers’ involvement at the workplace and job quality in Europe, M. C. González, Reconciling Work and Welfare in Europe, Edinburg, RECWOWE working paper, n° 8, 34 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

REVENU - INCOME

. Are temporary workers discriminated against? Evidence from Europe, S. Comi and M. Grasseni, Centre for Household, Income, Labour and Demographic economics, Torino, Working paper, n° 17, July, 33 p., (2009 ).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. Bas salaires et qualité de l'emploi : l'exception française ?, È. Caroli et J. Gautié, Cepremap, Paris, Opuscule, n° 17, 510 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Decreasing wage mobility in Germany, J. Gernandt, Centre for European Economic Research, Mannheim, ZEW discussion paper, n° 09-044, 39 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : Cross-section inequality increased in the last decade in Germany. Wage mobility can at least partly offset the increase in cross-section inequality and thus leads to a better understanding of inequality and poverty in a society. If wages are immobile, rising cross-section inequality is associated with a rising inequality of lifetime earnings. On the other hand, the extreme case of total mobility would resemble a lottery re-starting at the beginning of every time period and repositioning the individual at random in the wage distribution. The study at hand analyses the development of the wage mobility in Germany over the last 25 years. The data base of this empirical study is the German Socio-economic Panel (SOEP) for the time period 1984 to 2007, focusing on West Germans. The SOEP is a representative panel data set, which surveys about 11,000 households with 20,000 persons. Wage mobility in terms of the paper at hand is measured by the degree to which ranks are reversed over a 4-year time period where each rank represents one of 100 percentiles of the overall hourly wage distribution. The goal is to look at the individual turnover of persons within the wage distribution at the micro level to identify properties affecting wage mobility. The main findings show that wage mobility has decreased over time, while inequality has increased. Mobility is highest in the middle section of the distribution and highest for persons aged 30-39 years. Individual upgrades in the wage distribution are more likely to occur for university graduates, younger workers, employees in larger firms and for persons working in the public sector, as well as for white-collar workers and less likely for persons who faced an unemployment period in the time of observation. Wages are more volatile in the low-wage sector and for individuals moving downwards in the wage distribution.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne / Germany

.  Le nombre d'allocataires du revenu de solidarité active au 30 juin 2009, S. Donné et I. Siguret, Cnaf, Paris, l’e-ssentiel, n° 90, septembre, 4 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. The gender wage gap in Ireland : Evidence from the National Employment Survey 2003, S. McGuinness and alii, Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin, Equality reseach series, 99 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Irlande / Ireland

. The impact of party competition: Why unemployment benefits in Italy and Germany diverged after World War II, G. Picot, URGE, Turin, Issue Paper, n° 3, 25 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne, Italie / Germany, Italy

. Pay developments : 2008, EIROnline, Dublin, 42 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

AUTRES DONNEES SOCIALES - OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES

. The economic crisis through the lens of economic wellbeing, J-F. Arsenault and A. Sharpe, Centre for the Study of Living Standards, Ottawa, August, 47 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : This report looks at how the economic crisis has unfolded in Canada and what will be the impacts on economic wellbeing. The shortfall is estimated to be approximately $12,000 ($2007) per capita. In other words, given no economic crisis, GDP per capita in Canada would have likely been $1,736 higher on average each year over the 2008-2014 period. Between October 2008 – the month at which employment peaked in Canada – and May 2009, net employment fell by 362,500 persons. The negative effects of unemployment go well beyond loss of income. Roughly 60 per cent of the newly unemployed, compared to about 40 per cent in recent years, receive regular EI benefits, reflecting the concentration of employment losses among long term full-time employees (e.g. auto workers). Based on the experience of the recession of the early 1990s, we should expect an increase of about 4 percentage points in the after-tax poverty rate, which would reach 13.2 per cent in 2010.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Canada

. Rapport de la Commission sur la mesure des performances économiques et du progrès social, J. E. Stiglitz, A. Sen et J-P. Fitoussi, La Documentation française / Ministère de l'Economie, de l'Industrie et de l'Emploi, Paris, septembre, 324 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area :

. The welfare effects of social mobility, J. A. V. Fischer, OECD, Paris, OECD social, employment and migration working papers, n° 95, September, 55 p., (2009).

Summary : The question whether a socially mobile society is conducive to subjective well-being (SWB) has rarely been investigated. This paper fills this gap by analyzing the SWB effects of intergenerational earnings mobility and equality in education at the societal level. Using socio-demographic information on 44 000 individuals in 30 OECD countries obtained from the World Values Survey, this study shows that living in a socially mobile society is conducive to individual life satisfaction. Differentiating between perceived and actual social mobility, we find that both exert rather independent effects, particularly in their interplay with income inequality. We identify a positive interaction of perceived social mobility that mitigates its overall SWB lowering effect, supporting Alesina et al. (2004). In contrast, a high degree of actual social mobility yields an overall impact of income inequality that is SWB lowering, while for low social mobility the effect of inequality is positive. These interactions hold stronger for pre-transfer than post-transfer income inequality. Actual social mobility appears to be appreciated only by conservative persons, while leftist oriented individuals are indifferent. Robustness is tested using a world sample.

Résumé  : La question de savoir si une société socialement mobile est prédisposée au bien-être subjectif (SWB, d’après le sigle anglais) a rarement fait l’objet d’étude. Ce document vient combler ce manque en la matière en analysant les effets du SWB quant à la mobilité et l’égalité intergénérationnelle des gains dans l’éducation à un niveau sociétal. Cette étude s’est servie d’une information socio-démographique comptant 44 000 individus dans 30 pays membres de l’OCDE tirée de l’enquête World Values Survey. Cette étude montre que le fait de vivre dans une société socialement mobile est propice à une satisfaction de vie individuelle. En séparant la mobilité sociale perçue à celle qui est réelle, nous observons que les deux exercent une influence plutôt indépendante, en particulier dans leur action mutuelle avec les inégalités de revenus. Une interaction positive de mobilité sociale perçue est identifiée, celle-ci limitant son influence globale du bien-être subjectif à la baisse, selon Alesina et al. (2004). A contrario, un fort degré de mobilité sociale réelle génère une influence générale sur l’inégalité des revenus qui diminue le SWB alors que pour une faible mobilité sociale les effets de l’inégalité sont positifs. Ces relations réciproques sont plus solides pour des inégalités de revenus avant transferts qu’après transferts. La mobilité sociale réelle semble être appréciée seulement par les conservateurs, alors que les individus orientés plus à gauche sont indifférents. La robustesse est aussi examinée en utilisant un échantillon mondial.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Pays de l'OCDE / OECD countries