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PAUVRETE - POVERTY 

. Food subsidies, growth and poverty : A critique on neoliberal institutional structure, A. Dini and V. Lippit, Economics Department, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, Working paper, n° 09-12, October, 14 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : The relationship among payment style of subsidies, economic growth and poverty is a matter of challenge among economists and policy makers. Neoliberal Institutional Structure in framework of what is called “Washington Consensus” and “structural adjustment policies and economic stabilization” argues on economic advantages of removing food general subsidies so necessity of replacing a most liberalized food markets with regulated food security policy. This paper gives a historical background of this approach and criticizes it’s policy recommendation and shows following it has led to a deep crisis in global food market in 2007 with sharply rising of poverty and dying of some people around the world due to lacking of access to food.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : none

. Gender, poverty and social justice, A. Cbbacbbi and T-D Truong, International Institute of Social Studies, Rotterdam, Working paper, n° 482, October, 28 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : none

. Le "National School Lunch Program", Ambassade de France aux Etats-Unis, DGTPE, Paris, octobre, 4 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States

. Work and worklessness in deprived neighbourhoods : Policy assumptions and personal experiences, R. Crisp and alii, Joseph Rowtree Foundation, London, 74 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom

EMPLOI - EMPLOYMENT

. Des entreprises satisfaites de leurs recrutements ?, G. de Larquier, Centre d'Etudes de l'Emploi, Noisy le Grand, Connaissance de l'emploi, n° 70, octobre, 4 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Trends in gender disparities at the school to work transition in Germany : Comparing the labor market entry of young men and women between 1984 and 2005, M. Jacob, C. Kleinert and M. Kühhirt, MZES, Mannheim, Working paper, n° 127, 24 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : This paper examines the labor market entry of low- and medium-qualified men and women using representative longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel. By identifying four consecutive entry cohorts, we analyze trends in gender differences with respect to the duration until they find their first job between the years 1984 and 2005, a period marked by a further increase in young women’s educational attainment and continued growth of the service sector. Both developments should benefit women with a lower education more than men in the same group in terms of smooth labor market integration. Results from discrete event history analyses show that today these women indeed find their first job faster than men. However, this is not due to an improvement in young women’s chances to find employment, but to deteriorating employment prospects of men leaving the educational system. Our results indicate (1) that women in general are better equipped for the competition for low- and medium-skilled jobs as they have increased their educational attainment more than men, and (2) that the decline of male-dominated occupations in production has led to increased job competition for men, which prolongs particularly low-skilled men’s transition from school to work.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne / Germany

REVENU - INCOME

. The Dutch minimum wage : A radical reduction shifts the main focus to part-time jobs, W. Salverda, University of Amsterdam, AIAS,  Amsterdam, Working paper, n° 09-71, March, 66 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : The paper is part of a broader international project undertaken by the ILO and the European Commission. It studies the Dutch minimum wage from the perspective of country differences in minimum-pay regulations within the European Union with the aim of serving as an input into a discussion whether a European approach to such regulation may be desirable and feasible or not. The European issue itself is not considered here.   In a historical perspective, going back to the establishment of the minimum wage in the 1960s, three characteristic features are presented and discussed at some length:

• the very long tail of youth minimum wages staring at age 15 up to age 23 – the oldest age in international comparison at which a full minimum wage applies;
• the pivotal role of the (net) minimum wage for determining (net) minimum social benefits and therewith for much of public social-security spending;
• the steep decline in recent decades of the minimum wage both in terms of purchasing power and relative to the rest of the wage distribution.

A brief description is given of the mechanism of uprating over time of the wage level and the coverage of employees. The declining value since 1979 is shown and compared to the rather similar evolution of the US minimum wage.  The relations of the minimum wage to poverty, wage inequality, employment, wage bargaining and social dumping are scrutinised. It appears that the decline of the minimum wage has greatly reduced its labour-market significance. As a result the well-known long-run Dutch wage moderation has affected lower levels of pay more than higher one inciting an increase in earnings inequality.  In one of two case studies, of retail trade where youth minimum wage earners are concentrated, shows how unions and employers are gradually beginning to perceive the downside of the long tail of very low youth minimum wages for the motivation of young workers and the productive innovation of their business.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Pays-Bas / The Netherlands

. Real wages in Germany : Numerous years of decline, K. Brenke, DIW, Berlin, Weekly report, n° 28/2009, October, 10 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne / Germany

. Salaires et crises, J. Maurice et alii, Lasaire, Saint-Etienne, Les cahiers, n° 39, septembre, 77 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Données internationale / International data

. Spain is different : Falling trends in inequality, J. Pijoan-Mas and V. Sanchez Marcos, Cemfi, Madrid, Working paper, n° 0910, September, 57 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : In this article we characterize the evolution of inequality in hourly wages, hours of work, labor earnings, household disposable income and household consumption for Spain between 1985 and 2000. We look at both the Encuesta Continua de Presupuestos Familiares and the European Household Community Panel. Our analysis shows that inequality in individual net labor earnings and household net disposable income hasd ecreased substantially. The decreases in the tertiary education premium and in the  unemployment rate have been key ingredients to understand this falling trend. However, the inequality reduction has not been monotonic over the period: while it fell in years of economic expansion, there was an inequality surge in the recession of the early nineties. Public transfers have played a crucial role in smoothing out the inequality arising in the labor market, but instead the Spanish family does not seem to have been an important insurance mechanism. Regarding household consumption, inequality has fallen much less than inequality in household net disposable income, with the decrease mostly concentrated in the second half of the eighties. This suggests that the reduction in income inequality has affected the sources of permanent differences between households only during the second half of the eighties. Our estimates of the earnings process for the period are consistent with this view.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Espagne / Spain

AUTRES DONNEES SOCIALES - OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES

. Les départements d'Outre-Mer face aux défis du vieillissement démographique et des migrations, D. Breton et alii, Ined, Paris, Population et sociétés, n° 460, octobre, 4 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Does social capital prevent macroeconomic instability ?, M. Sangnier, Ecole d'Economie de Paris, Paris-Jourdan Sciences économiques, Paris, Working paper, n° 2009-40, 34 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : This paper investigates the relationship between social capital, measured as trust, and macroeconomic instability. It is shown in a cross section of countries that higher trust is associated with lower macroeco-nomic instability. We use the inherited trust of Americans as an instru-mental variable of trust in their origin country to overcome all potential reverse causality concerns. Trust is shown to be a important determinant of macroeconomic stability.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Données internationales / International data

. The economic situation of first- and second-generation immigrants in France, Germany and the United Kingdom, Y. Algan and alii, Centre for Economic Performance, London, CEP discussion paper, n° 951, October, 41 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : A central concern about immigration is the integration into the labour market, not only of the first generation, but also of subsequent generations. Little comparative work exists for Europe’s largest economies. France, Germany and the United Kingdom have all become, perhaps unwittingly, countries with large immigrant populations albeit with very different ethnic compositions. Today, the descendants of these immigrants live and work in their parents’ destination countries. This paper presents and discusses comparative evidence on the performance of first- and second-generation immigrants in these countries in terms of education, earnings, and employment.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne, France, Royaume-Uni / Germany, France, United Kingdom

. Les familles recomposées : entre familles traditionnelles et familles monoparentales, O. Chardon et E. Vivas, Insee, Paris, Document de travail, n° F0904, octobre, 74 p., (2009).

Résumé : L’estimation du nombre d’enfants vivant en famille recomposée, c’est-à-dire dans une famille composée d’un couple avec enfants dont certains ne sont pas du couple actuel est peu fréquente en France. Ce travail fournit une méthode d’estimation du nombre d’enfants vivant en famille recomposée au 1er janvier 2006 combinant recensement et enquêtes emploi. Cette méthode peut d’une part, être reconduite de façon cohérente chaque année pour suivre l’évolution de ce type de famille ; d’autre part, elle est cohérente avec la mesure des autres structures familiales (notamment avec l’évolution du nombre d’enfants vivant en famille monoparentale). Elle permet d’avoir également une estimation au 1er janvier 2006 du nombre d’enfants qui ont des parents séparés, qu’ils vivent avec un parent isolé (en famille monoparentale) ou non et du nombre d’adultes vivant avec un bel enfant. Cette méthode pourra également être utilisée à l’avenir pour identifier les ménages concernés et servir de point départ à des travaux d’études. Ce document de travail présente également une description des familles recomposées et des personnes qui y vivent comparativement aux autres structures familiales. Il esquisse des pistes de travaux ultérieurs tant sur les données que sur le système d’information.

Summary : Estimating the number of children who live in blended families - that’s to say in families composed of a couple with children, some or all of whom do not share the same two parents - has not often been attempted in France. This work aims to fill that gap, providing a method to estimate how many children live in blended families in France, at the 1st January 2006, drawn from population census and labour force surveys. Firstly, this method can be repeated every year, permitting long-term trends concerning the blended family to be observed in detail. It is also consistent with measures for other family types (in particular those concerning children living in a single-parent family). Furthermore, it makes it possible to estimate the number of children whose parents are separated, who live only with one parent (in a single-parent family), and the number of adults who live with a stepchild. This method offers the possibility to identify blended families in the future, and can constitute a solid basis for studies in the field. This document presents a description of the blended family and the characteristics of its members, as compared with other family structures, and outlines some areas for further work, both on the data and on the information system
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Les réformes de la politique familiale en Allemagne : L'enjeu démographique, J. Fagnani, Ifri, Paris, Note du Cerfa, n° 67, octobre, 24 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : Depuis les années 1990, des réformes importantes ont été introduites dans la politique familiale allemande. Le gouvernement Schröder puis la Grande coalition CDU/CSU-SPD ont donné une forte impulsion à la politique de développement des modes d’accueil de la petite enfance. En 2007 a été instauré un congé parental d’éducation, similaire à celui de la Suède. Les raisons de ces réformes ont été la persistance du faible niveau de la fécondité (1,3 enfants en moyenne par femme) mais aussi les considérations liées au marché de l’emploi. Dans un contexte de pénurie de main-d’œuvre qualifiée, les organisations patronales ont accordé un appui décisif aux ministres en charge des affaires familiales, Renate Schmidt et Ursula von der Leyen.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne / Germany