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PAUVRETE - POVERTY 

. De la prime pour l'emploi au revenu de solidarité active : un déplacement de la cible au profit des travailleurs pauvres in France Portrait social, Edition 2009, V. Bonnefoy, S. Buffeteau et M-C. Cazenave, Insee, Paris, 20 p. (2009).

Résumé - Summary : Le revenu de solidarité active (rSa) entre en vigueur en juin 2009. Vingt et trente ans après leur création, le rSa vient remplacer deux minima sociaux, le revenu minimum d’insertion et l’allocation de parent isolé, et instaure le principe d’un cumul permanent entre des revenus d’activité faibles et un minimum social. Le rSa a, comme la prime pour l’emploi, pour objet de compléter les revenus d’activité. Il s’inscrit en partie dans le prolongement de la tendance dessinée par les réformes successives de la prime pour l’emploi, réformes qui ont suivi deux directions : une augmentation significative des montants de prime versés et un soutien accru aux personnes travaillant à temps partiel ou sur une partie de l’année seulement. Par rapport à la prime pour l’emploi, le revenu de solidarité active va plus loin dans le soutien qu’il apporte aux travailleurs à temps partiel ou n’ayant pas travaillé toute l’année. Il rompt en outre avec la logique principalement individuelle de la prime pour l’emploi par sa dimension « familialisée ». Pour les personnes en emploi, l’association de la prime pour l’emploi et du revenu de solidarité active forme ainsi un nouveau système de complément aux bas revenus d’activité davantage tourné vers les travailleurs pauvres.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Gli effetti distributivi delle principali riforme del sistema di tax-benefit italiano nel primo anno della XVI legislatura, M. Baldini e E. Ciani, Centro di Analisi delle Politiche Pubbliche, Modena, CAPPaper, n° 68, giugno, 22 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Italie / Italy

. Income and beyond : Multidimensional poverty in six Latin American countries, D. Battiston and alii, Ecineq, Palma de Mallorca, Ecineq working paper, n° 142, November, 31 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : This paper presents empirical results of a wide range of multidimensional poverty measures for: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, El Salvador, Mexico and Uruguay, for the period 1992–2006. Six dimensions are analysed: income, child attendance at school, education of the household head, sanitation, water and shelter. Over the study period, El Salvador, Brazil, Mexico and Chile experienced significant reductions of multidimensional poverty. In contrast, in urban Uruguay there was a small reduction in multidimensional poverty, while in urban Argentina the estimates did not change significantly. El Salvador, Brazil and Mexico together with rural areas of Chile display significantly higher and more simultaneous deprivations than urban areas of Argentina, Chile and Uruguay. In all countries, access to proper sanitation and education of the household head are the highest contributors to overall multidimensional poverty.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Pays d'Amérique Latine / Latin American countries

. Measure by measure : The current poverty measure v. the National Academy of Sciences measures, D. Smith, CLASP, Washington, November, 11 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States

. Special issue on the homeless, Insee, Paris, Document de travail, n° F2009/06, novembre, 220 p., (2009).
This document is the translation of a special Sans-domicile issue of Economie et Statistique, n° 391-392, 2006
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Statistiques d'accueil 2008. La pauvreté au féminin, Secours catholique, Paris, 80 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. What can we do to tackle child poverty in Northern Ireland?, G. Horgan and M. Mon, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, London, View point Informing debate, November, 20 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Irlande du Nord / Northern Ireland

EMPLOI - EMPLOYMENT

. Can family-support policies help explain differences in working hours across countries ?, U. Sila, Centre for Economic Performance, London, CEP discussion paper, n° 955, October, 74 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : It has been suggested in the literature that taxes and subsidies play an important role in explaining the differences in working hours across countries. In this paper I test whether public programmes for family support play a role in explaining this variation. I analyse two types of policies: childcare subsidies and family cash benefits. I distinguish between people with children and people without children. Childcare subsidies should increase working hours in the economy and these effects should differ between people with children and people without children. Public support to families is also expected to decrease the amount of time people spend in childcare at home. I test this using household data for a set of European countries and the US. Empirical analysis, however, does not support the family-policy explanation. The effects of the policies on working hours are weak and insignificant. In regressions with time spent caring for children as a dependent variable, the estimates of the effects contradict the predictions of the theory. Furthermore, I don’t find evidence for the expected differences in effects between parents and nonparents. I conclude that family policies are not helpful in explaining the variation in working hours across countries.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe, Etats-Unis / Europe, United States

. De l'enseignement supérieur à l'emploi : voies rapides et chemins de traverse. Enquête «Génération 2004». Interrogation 2007, J. Calmand, D. Epiphane et P. Hallier, Céreq, Marseille, Note Emploi Formation, n° 43, octobre, 58 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : Ce document analyse les trois premières années de vie active des 380 000 jeunes sortis de l'enseignement supérieur en 2004, diplômés ou non. Leur arrivée sur le marché du travail s'est effectuée dans un contexte économique difficile. Parmi eux, 75 000 jeunes, soit un sur cinq, ont arrêté leurs études dans l'enseignement supérieur sans y avoir obtenu de diplôme. Ils ont connu, comme leurs prédécesseurs sortis du système scolaire en 1998 et surtout ceux sortis en 2001, des difficultés importantes d'insertion professionnelle. Les jeunes qui sont, quant à eux, sortis de l'enseignement supérieur en 2004 avec un diplôme ont été moins exposés que les précédents aux aléas de la conjoncture ; ils n'y ont pas été pour autant insensibles.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. The impact of the crisis on employment, R. Hijman, Eurostat, Luxembourg, Statistics in focus, population and social conditions, n° 79/2009, 8 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. L’insertion professionnelle, six mois après la sortie de contrats aidés : une analyse des salariés sortis en 2007 de CIE, CI-RMA, CAE et CAV, Y. Fendrich et V. Rémy, Dares, Paris, Premières synthèses, n° 45.1, novembre, 12 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Labour standards and migration : do labour conditions matter ?, R. Bazillier et Y. Moullan, Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, Paris, Document de travail,  n° 2009.68, 41 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : none

. Langue, diplômes : des enjeux pour l'accès des immigrés au marché du travail, O. Monso et  F. Gleize, Insee, Paris, Insee première, n° 1262, novembre, 4 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Montée du chômage et durcissement de la politique du marché du travail, P. Streckeisen,  Ires, Noisy-le-Grand, Chronique internationale de l'Ires, n° 120, septembre, 9 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Suisse / Switzerland

. Working conditions in the European Union : Working time and work intensity, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin, 81 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

REVENU - INCOME

. The gender pay gap across countries : A human capital approach, S. W. Polachek and J. Xiang, DIW, Berlin, SOEP papers, n° 227, October, 81 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : The gender wage gap varies across countries. For example, among OECD nations women in Australia, Belgium, Italy and Sweden earn 80% as much as males, whereas in Austria, Canada and Japan women earn about 60%. Current studies examining cross-country differences focus on the impact of labor market institutions such as minimum wage laws and nationwide collective bargaining. However, these studies neglect labor market institutions that affect women’s lifetime work behavior -- a factor crucially important in gender wage gap studies that employ individual data. This paper explicitly concentrates on labor market institutions that are related to female lifetime work that affect the gender wage gap across countries. Using ISSP (International Social Survey Programme), LIS (Luxembourg Income Study) and OECD wage data for 35 countries covering 1970-2002, we show that the gender pay gap is positively associated with the fertility rate (treated exogenously and endogenously with religion as the instrument), positively associated with the husbandwife age gap at first marriage, and positively related to the top marginal tax rate, all factors which negatively affect women’s lifetime labor force participation. In addition, we show that collective bargaining, as found in previous studies, is negatively associated with the gender pay gap.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Pays de l'OCDE / OECD countries

. Inequality as policy : The United States since 1979, J. Schmitt, Center for Economic and Policy Research, Washington, October, 11 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States

. Skills and wage inequality in Greece : Evidence from matched employer-employee data, 1995-2002, R. Christopoulou and T. Kosma, The Hellenic Observatory, London, GreeSE paper, n° 26, May, 64 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : This paper examines changes in the Greek wage distribution over 1995-2002 and the role of skill in these changes. The methodology adopted is the Machado-Mata counterfactual decomposition, which separates the part of wage changes that is due to job and workers' characteristics (composition effects) from the part due to the returns to these characteristics (price effects). We find that mean wages have not increased substantially, but wage inequality has, mostly at the upper tail of the distribution. The role of skill has been decisive. Falling tenure levels at all but the very high wage deciles, and rising education across the board, have carried much of the inequalityincreasing influence of overall composition effects. Although to a lesser extent, changes in the returns to skill have contributed to inequality by forming a U-shaped pattern along the wage distribution. This pattern is further reinforced when price-effects of skill are added together with the composition effect of tenure to produce the share of skill-effects that is responsive to market forces. Drawing on this evidence, we make a case for the routinization hypothesis.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Grèce / Greece

AUTRES DONNEES SOCIALES - OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES

. Consumption, social capital and the "industrious revolution" in early modern Germany, S. Ogilvie,  University of Cambridge, Department of Economics, Cambridge, CWPE, n° 0943, October, 65 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : This paper uses evidence from German-speaking central Europe to address open questions about the Consumer and Industrious Revolutions. Did they happen outside the early-developing, North Atlantic economies? Were they shaped by the “social capital” of traditional institutions? How were they affected by social constraints on women? It finds that people in central Europe did desire to increase market work and consumption. But elites used the “social capital” of traditional institutions to oppose new work and consumption practices, especially by women, migrants, and the poor. Although they seldom blocked new practices wholly, they delayed them, limited them socially, and increased their costs.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne / Germany

. Happiness in Europe : Cross-country differences in the determinants of subjective well-being, P. J. Pedersen and T. Dall Schmidt, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, IZA discussion paper, n° 4538, October, 28 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : The purpose in the present paper is to use individual panel data in the European Community Household Panel to analyse the impact on self-reported satisfaction from a number of economic and demographic variables. The paper contributes to the ongoing discussion of the relationship between life satisfaction and income. The panel property of the data makes it possible to study also the impact on satisfaction from income changes as well as the impact from acceleration in income and changes in labour market status on changes in satisfaction. A number of demographic variables and individual attitude indicators are also entered into the analysis of both the level of satisfaction and the change in satisfaction from one wave of the survey to the next. We find a strong impact from the level of income in all countries, an impact from change and acceleration in income for a smaller number of countries, a strong impact from most changes in labour market status and finally important effects from a number of demographic variables.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. La République de l’égalité,  contre les discriminations liées à l’origine, C.Caresche et G. Pau-Langevin, Fondation Jean-Jaurès, Paris, Les essais, 41 p., (2009).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France