Retour accueil Cerc]  - [Home Cerc]

PAUVRETE - POVERTY 

. An anatomy of economic inequality in the UK, Government Equalities Office, London, Report of the National Equality Panel, 476 p., (2010).
Summary (56 p.)
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom

. Baromètre Crise / Pauvreté. Résultats 2009, Secours catholique, Paris, 10 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Combating poverty and social exclusion :  A statistical portrait of the European Union 2010, Eurostat, Luxembourg, 120 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. L'état du mal logement en France, Fondation Abbé Pierre, Paris, 15ème rapport annuel, 237 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Les modèles sociaux européens dans la tourmente : quel impact de la crise sur la pauvreté ?, B. Françon et M. Guergoat-Larivière, Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, Paris, Document de travail, n° 2010.03, 26 p., (2010).

Résumé : Nous analysons l'impact de la crise sur la pauvreté en Europe à travers l'étude de cinq pays représentant les différents modèles sociaux européens : la France, l'Allemagne, l'Espagne, la Suède et le Royaume-Uni. Malgré les différences de risque de pauvreté, nous constatons que l'emploi reste partout le premier rempart contre la pauvreté. La crise économique implique donc un risque de pauvreté accru et interroge la capacité des différents modèles à contenir ce risque. Nous mettons en avant les effets potentiellement pervers sur la pauvreté des réformes récentes d'"activation" dans un contexte de crise de l'emploi. Nous détaillons ensuite les mesures d'urgence prises face à la crise et constatons que les logiques d'activation sont toujours invoquées. Ces mesures d'urgence restent pourtant marginales, et il semble que les systèmes de protection sociale tels qu'ils étaient en place avant la crise demeureront les principaux amortisseurs de la montée du risque de pauvreté.
 
Summary : We study the impact the current economic crisis has had on poverty in Europe. We focus on five countries, namely France, Germany, Spain, Sweden and the UK, each of them standing for a social model. Firstly, we observed the differences between models in terms of poverty and noted that in each country the strongest barrier against poverty remains employment. The economic downturn then increases the risk of poverty and challenges European models' capacity to contain that risk. We insist on the possible perverse effects of recent "activation" reforms on European labour markets given the lack of jobs in the current context. Secondly, we studied the way in which each country responded to the crisis and witnessed that activation principles are still called upon. However, it seems that social protection systems that were already at work before the crisis remain essential in the fight against poverty ; the measures implemented to face the crisis will only play a marginal role in this respect.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. Parents' work entry, progression and retention and child poverty, J. Browne and G. Paull, Department for Work and Pensions, London, Research report, n° 626, January, 122 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom

. La pauvreté laborieuse en Lorraine et Meurthe-et-Moselle : mécanismes à l'œuvre et leviers à mobiliser, G. Moreau, Insee, Direction Régionale de Lorraine, Nancy, Économie lorraine, n° 204, janvier, 8 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Poverty risks for older people in EU countries : An update, A. Zaidi, European Centre, Vienna, Policy brief, n° 11, January, 23 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. Trends in South African income distribution and poverty since the fall of Apartheid, M. Leibbrandt and alii, OECD, Paris, Working paper n° 101, January, 90 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Afrique du Sud / South Africa

. A European Union approach to material deprivation using EU-SILC and Eurobarometer data, A-C. Guio, A. Fusco and E. Marlier, CEPS  / INSTEAD, Differdange, Iriss working paper, n° 2009-19, December, 33 p., (2009).

Résumé - Summary : The paper discusses methodological issues raised by the construction of indicators on material deprivation, which is defined here as an enforced lack of a combination of items depicting some aspects of living conditions related to housing conditions, possession of durables and capacity to afford basic requirements. More specifically, its focus is on the selection of items, their dimensional structure, their aggregation in a synthetic measure and their weighting. The paper also puts in perspective material deprivation and income-based poverty indicators to emphasise the complementarity of the two approaches. It covers the European Union countries available in the 2007 Community Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) users data base.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

EMPLOI - EMPLOYMENT

. The better-off in work credit : Incentives and experiences, R. Dorsett and alii, Department for Work and Pensions, London, Research report, n° 637, January, 60 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom

.  Les cellules de reclassement, M. Ramonet, Conseil économique, social et environnemental, Paris, Avis et rapport, janvier, 106 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Faut-il plus protéger les emplois à bas salaires ?, A. Chéron, EDHEC Business school, Nice, Position paper, 28 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Global employment trends 2010, International Labour Organization, Geneva, January, 83 p., (2010).
This report examines key labour market patterns around the world in the context of the global economic crisis, with in-depth analysis of regional and global trends in unemployment, vulnerable employment and the working poor.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Données internationales / International data

. Part-time jobs : What women want ?, A. L. Booth and J. C. van Ours, CentER, Tilburg, CentER discussion paper, n° 2010-05, January, 31 p., (2010).

Résumé - Summary : Part-time jobs are popular among partnered women in many countries. In the Netherlands the majority of partnered working women have a part-time job. Our paper investigates, from a supply-side perspective, if the current situation of abundant part-time work in the Netherlands is likely to be a transitional phase that will culminate in many women working full-time. We analyze the relationship between part-time work and life satisfaction, and between job satisfaction and preferred working hours using panel data on life and job satisfaction for a sample of partnered women and men. We also utilize time-use data to consider the distribution within the household of market work and housework, and discuss the work specialization hypothesis in this context. Our main results indicate that partnered women in part-time work have high levels of job satisfaction, a low desire to change their working hours, and live in partnerships in which household production is highly gendered. Taken together, our results suggest that part-time jobs are what most Dutch women want.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Pays-Bas / The Netherlands

. Les politiques de l'emploi en Europe : le modèle de l'activation et de la flexicurité face à la crise, C. Erhel, Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, Paris, Document de travail, n° 2010.02, 24 p., (2010).

Résumé : Le retournement de la conjoncture en 2007 s'est traduit par une dégradation très rapide de la situation du marché du travail dans certains pays, avec une forte hausse du chômage, notamment concentrée sur les hommes jeunes et peu qualifiés. Face à cette situation, les tendances de réponse des politiques de l'emploi apparaissent ambigües. Elles s'inscrivent globalement dans la continuité des réformes antérieures, et en particulier dans le cadre de l'"activation" des politiques de l'emploi, qui se poursuit au travers des réformes institutionnelles des intermédiaires sur le marché du travail, ou encore de la réflexion sur les incitations au travail. Malgré tout, les pays ont également recours, d'une part à des outils de protection de l'emploi par l'accroissement de la flexibilité interne (notamment le chômage partiel), d'autre part à des politiques de soutien au revenu sans contrepartie affichée à court terme.
 
Summary : The economic downturn in 2007 has led to a very spectacular rise in unemployment in some countries, especially concentrated among low educated and young men. Facing this new context, the reactions of labour market policies seem ambiguous. On the one hand, institutional reforms and in work incentives still follow previous reform trends, especially the activation framework. On the other hand, a large number of countries also develop internal flexibility devices (including partial unemployment), and reinforce unemployment insurance or minimum income policies. These types of policies may have contributed to temper the direct impact of the crisis on labour market trends (especially in Continental countries). They also lead to the reintroduction of some old debates (on working time sharing, on the minimum wage), especially in the New Member States.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

. Les syndicats en Allemagne : Organisation, contexte, enjeux, H. Dribbusch, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Paris, Analyses et documents, janvier, 13 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne / Germany

. Why do so many women have end up in bad jobs ? A cross-country assessment, J. Jütting, A. Luci and C. Morrisson, OECD,  Development Centre, Paris,  Working paper, n° 287, January, 50 p., (2010).

Résumé  : On se préoccupe de plus en plus de la « féminisation » des mauvais emplois dans les pays en développement. Les analyses récentes montrent qu’il y a un pourcentage croissant de femmes qui ont des emplois caractérisés par de mauvaises conditions de travail et un faible salaire. Quelle est la cause de ce phénomène ? Ce document traite ce sujet en étudiant le rôle des institutions sociales, c’est-à-dire des traditions, des normes sociales et des lois informelles, dans la détermination des résultats qu’obtiennent les femmes sur le marché du travail. En appliquant le nouvel indicateur de l’OCDE en usage SIGI (social institutions and gender index) à 44 pays en développement, nous trouvons que les institutions sociales influencent dans une large mesure les genres d’activité et la qualité des emplois pour les femmes. Nos résultats suggèrent qu’il est crucial de traiter le problème de la discrimination sociale envers les femmes pour améliorer leurs chances d’accès à un bon emploi dans les pays en développement.

 Summary : There is an increasing concern in the development community about the increase in the ‘feminisation of bad jobs’ of many developing countries. Indeed, recent analysis shows a growing proportion of women are in jobs with poor working conditions and low pay. But what is driving this phenomenon? This paper addresses this issue by looking at the role of social institutions, i.e. traditions, social norms and informal laws, in shaping labour market outcomes. By applying the newly established Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) of the OECD on 44 developing countries, the paper finds that social institutions influence to a great extent activity patterns and job quality for women. Our results suggest that addressing discriminating social institutions is crucial for advancing gender equality.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Données internationales / International data

 

REVENU - INCOME

. Is pension inequality growing ?,  N. Karamcheva and G. Sanzenbacher, Center for Retirement Research, Boston, Brief, n° 01, January, 6 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States

. Making work supports work. A picture of low-wage workers in America, J. Purmort, National Center for Children in Poverty, New York, January, 20 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States

. Women and pensions : Effects of pensions reforms on women's retirement security, E. Fornero and C. Monticone, CERP, Turin, 21 p., (2010).

Résumé - Summary : This paper examines how the recent pension reforms in Europe affected the risks falling on women’s economic security in retirement. Many reforms implied the passage from a model where survivors’ and other derived rights were prominent in guaranteeing women’s security to a new approach where actuarial principles are strengthened and benefits are determined according to the capitalized sum of individual contributions. By tightening the link between working career and retirement outcomes, the process exposes women to new risks, and makes crucial the role of their participation in the labor market, the continuity of their working career and their relative earnings with respect to men.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe