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PAUVRETE - POVERTY 

. Les conditions d'accès aux services bancaires des ménages vivant sous le seuil de pauvreté, P. Jauneau et C. Olm, Crédoc, Paris, Rapport réalisé pour le Comité consultatif du secteur financier, février, 214 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Do highly exclusive social welfare programs increase political inequality ? A comparative analysis of the 50 US states, E. Plutzer, Social Science Research Center Berlin, Berlin, WZB discussion paper, n° SP/2010-201, March, 28 p., (2010).

Résumé - Summary : In this paper, I empirically test the notion that the degree of inclusion/exclusion of social welfare policies can have important feedback effects on political participation of poor citizens. I conduct a comparative analysis of the 50 US states, using the uptake (or coverage rate) of the Food Stamp program as an indicator of relative inclusiveness. If the inclusiveness of the program “sends a message” to potential recipients about their worth in the community, these messages may encourage or discourage participation. Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Survey, 1988-2000, I show that the turnout of young citizens raised in poor families is dramatically influenced by the inclusiveness of the state’s Food Stamp program. High inclusive states displayed much lower rates of political inequality. The mechanisms underlying this effect remain to be specified. However, in the context of previous individual-level studies, the results bolster the idea of policy feedback generally, and its impact on political inequality in particular.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States

. A modern framework for measuring poverty and basic economic security, S. Fremstad, Center for Economic and Policy Research, Washington, April, 66 p., (2010).

Résumé - Summary : This report details how the dominant framework for understanding and measuring poverty in the United States has become a conservative one. The current U.S. approach to measuring poverty views poverty only in terms of having an extremely low level of annual income, and utilizes poverty thresholds that are adjusted only for inflation rather than for changes in overall living standards. As a result, the official poverty measure has effectively defined deprivation down over the last four decades, moving it further and further away from mainstream living standards over time, as well as from majority public opinion of the minimum amount needed to “get along” at a basic level. A new Supplemental Income Poverty Measure (SIPM) proposed by the Obama administration makes some important improvements to the current poverty measure. However, the SIPM remains a conservative approach that appears likely to lock in the poverty line at an extremely low level. This report proposes a new framework for measuring poverty and basic economic security in the United States. Instead of being limited to the “extremely-low-income-only” approach the current poverty line and administration’s proposed Supplemental Income Poverty Measure (SIPM) represent, this framework should utilize measures of low income and other forms of economic hardship related to low income. 
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States

. Neighbourhood child poverty in Sweden, B. Gustafsson and T. Osterberg, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, IZA discussion paper, n° 4881, April, 27 p., (2010).

Résumé - Summary : This paper takes a fresh look at child poverty at the neighbourhood level in the three metropolitan regions of Sweden using unique data for 1990, 1996 and 2002. We find that the number of neighbourhoods with high child poverty rates is much larger in 2002 than in 1990, but also that most poor children in the three regions live outside poor neighbourhoods. A disproportionally large fraction of children with backgrounds from low- and middle-income countries live in poor neighbourhoods. Regression analysis shows that high neighbourhood poverty rates are mainly due to parents’ low employment and to low parental education.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Suède / Sweden

. La précarité professionnelle expose les femmes aux situations de pauvreté en Haute-Normandie, D. Barthélémy et M-C. Collet, Insee Haute Normandie, Rouen, Aval, n° 93, avril, 4 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Women, poverty and social policy regimes : A cross-national analysis, J. C. Gornick and M. Jäntti, Luxembourg Income Study, Luxembourg, LIS working paper, n° 534, April, 40 p., (2010).

Résumé - Summary : This paper assesses women’s poverty in 26 diverse LIS countries – five Anglophone countries, six Continental European countries, four Nordic countries, two Eastern European countries, three Southern European countries, and six Latin American countries. Our analyses are organized around four questions: (1) What is the probability that prime-age women, compared to their male counterparts, live in poor households? (2) How does the overall pattern differ when we consider pre-transfer as well as post-transfer income, and when we consider absolute as well as relative poverty? (3) How do women’s poverty rates, compared to men’s, vary by family type, by educational attainment, and by labour market status? (4) How does our cross-national portrait of gender and poverty shift when we consider person-level income as well as household-level income? We conclude that: women’s market income lags men’s everywhere; public income transfers matter for reducing poverty disparities by gender; families are crucial venues for income support for partnered women, especially women with weak labor market attachment; single mothers remain extremely economically vulnerable in many countries; and institutional contexts matter.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Comparaisons internationales  / International comparisons

EMPLOI - EMPLOYMENT

. L'apprentissage en 2008 : Hausse des entrées et du niveau de diplôme préparé, R. Sanchez, Dares, Paris, Dares analyses, n° 024, avril, 7 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Les comptes notionnels à la rescousse de la répartition ?, X. Chojnicki et R. Magnani, Cepii, Paris, La lettre du Cepii, n° 297, avril, 6 p., (2010).

Résumé - Summary : Le système français de retraite par répartition fait face à un défi de taille : comment absorber le choc démographique découlant du départ à la retraite des générations du baby-boom et de l'augmentation de l'espérance de vie ? Après plusieurs réformes paramétriques du système, est évoquée aujourd’hui une refonte structurelle des régimes actuels en faveur d’un système de comptes notionnels. Cette lettre cherche à évaluer, à partir du modèle OLGAMAP du CEPII, les effets en termes de financement des caisses de retraites, de redistribution intergénérationnelle et de transition institutionnelle. Nous montrons que, s’il améliore la lisibilité du système et favorise son adaptation future aux aléas démographiques et économiques, le régime par comptes notionnels n’apporte pas de solutions nouvelles pour le financement des retraites, qui repose toujours sur la question du choix entre hausse des cotisations, baisse des pensions et incitation à accroître l’âge moyen effectif de départ à la retraite.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Egalité femmes-hommes en Picardie : Des femmes de plus en plus diplômées et actives, J. Dekneudt et alii, Insee Picardie, Amiens, Analyses, n° 45, avril, 8 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Faut-il changer de système pour sauver les retraites ?, M. Fried, Lasaire, Saint-Etienne, Note, avril, 15 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Five years after the reform of the social and unemployment benefits in Germany, K. Brenke, DIW, Berlin, Weekly report, April, n° 12, 11 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne / Germany

. Labour markets and the crisis, OECD, Paris, Economics department working paper, n° 756, April, 30 p., (2010).

Résumé : La profonde récession qui a frappé l’économie de la zone OCDE a entraîné une dégradation marquée de la situation des marchés du travail. Ce document examine l’évolution récente du marché du travail, quelques-unes des principales incertitudes pendant les phases initiales de la reprise et examine les options de politiques économiques disponibles pour amortir une nouvelle dégradation structurelle durable de leurs marchés du travail et faciliter à terme une reprise pérenne riche en emplois.

Summary : The deep recession has led to a marked deterioration in labour market conditions in the OECD area. This paper, which draws heavily on other ongoing analytical work at the OECD, takes stock of recent labour market developments, highlights some of the key uncertainties in the early stages of the upturn, and discusses the policy options available to damp any further, structural deterioration in labour markets andfacilitate an eventual, sustained, job-rich recovery.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Pays de l'OCDE / OECD countries

. Rapport sur l'économie sociale et solidaire : "L'économie sociale et solidaire, entreprendre autrement pour la croissance et l'emploi, F. Vercamer, La Documentation française, Paris, avril, 176 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : France

. Tensions sociales face au plan de rigueur et à la réforme des retraites, C. Vincent, Ires, Noisy-le-Grand, Chronique internationale de l'Ires, n° 123, mars, 5 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Espagne / Spain

REVENU - INCOME

. Bankers'pay and extreme wage inequality in the UK, B. Bell and J. Van Reenen, Centre for Economic Performance, London, CEP special report, n° 21, April, 34 p., (2010).

Résumé - Summary : It is well known that the distribution of income in the United Kingdom has widened considerably in the last three decades. This rise has been a result of a widening at both the top and bottom of the wage distribution. More recently, most of the action appears to have occurred at the top of the distribution with lower wage workers keeping pace with the median. This paper explores this increased dispersion at the very top of the wage distribution. We show that the growth has occurred primarily within the top few percentiles and that the rise in inequality in recent years is much more pronounced when we focus on annual earnings as opposed to weekly wages (where most work has concentrated). This is because annual wages include bonuses. By the end of the decade to 2008, the top tenth of earners received £20bn more purely due to the increase in their share (it would have been only £173bn had their share of the pie remained the same as 1998), and £12bn of this went to workers in the financial sector (almost all of which was bonus payments). We consider various reasons why the bankers have managed to capture an increasing share of the wage bill over the last decade.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom

. The gender wage gap by occupation, A. Hegewisch and H. Liepmann, Institute for Women's Policy Research, Washington, Fact sheet, updated April, 9 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Etats-Unis / United States

. Rising wage inequality, the decline of collective bargaining and the gender wage gap, D. Antonczyk, B. Fitzenberger and K. Sommerfeld, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, IZA discussion paper, n° 4911, April, 54 p., (2010).

Résumé - Summary : This paper investigates the increase in wage inequality, the decline in collective bargaining, and the development of the gender wage gap in West Germany between 2001 and 2006. Based on detailed linked employer-employee data, we show that wage inequality is rising strongly – driven not only by real wage increases at the top of the wage distribution, but also by real wage losses below the median. Coverage by collective wage bargaining plummets by 16.5 (19.1) percentage points for male (female) employees. Despite these changes, the gender wage gap remains almost constant, with some small gains for women at the bottom and at the top of the wage distribution. A sequential decomposition analysis using quantile regression shows that all workplace related effects (firm effects and bargaining effects) and coefficients for personal characteristics contribute strongly to the rise in wage inequality. Among these, the firm coefficients effect dominates, which is almost exclusively driven by wage differences within and between different industries. Labor demand or firm wage policy related effects contribute to an increase in the gender wage gap. Personal characteristics tend to reduce wage inequality for both, males and females, as well as the gender wage gap.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Allemagne / Germany

AUTRES DONNEES SOCIALES - OTHER SOCIAL ISSUES

. Informal carers : Who takes care of them ?, F. Hoffmann and R. Rodrigues, European Centre, Vienna, Policy brief, April, 16 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Europe

.  Migration and networks : Does education matter more than gender, M. Beine and S. Salomone, CESifo, Munich, CESifo working paper, n° 3010, April, 44 p., (2010).

Résumé - Summary : This paper looks at the impact of networks on international migration flows to OECD countries. In particular, we look at whether diaspora effects are different across education levels and gender. Using new data allowing to include both dimensions, we are able to analyze the respective impact of networks on the proportion of each category of migrant. Therefore, unlike the preceding literature on macro determinants of international migration, we can identify the respective factors influencing the selection in terms skills and in term of gender. We found that network effects vary by education level but not by gender. Women are also found to be less directly dependent on migration costs unrelated to networks such as distance.
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Pays de l'OCDE / OECD countries

. The role of social institutions in inter-generational mobility, B. Nolan and alii, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Department of Political and Social Sciences, Barcelona, DemoSoc working paper, n° 2010-36, March, 38 p., (2010).
Zone géographique / Geographical area : Données internationales / International data